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Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose Argus, a system to enable millimeter-wave (mmWave) deployers to quickly complete site-surveys without sacrificing the accuracy and effectiveness of thorough network deployment surveys. Argus first models the mmWave reflection profile of an environment, considering dominant reflectors, and then use this model to find locations that maximize the usability of the reflectors. The key component in Argus is an efficient machine learning model that can map the visual data to the mmWave signal reflections of an environment and can accurately predict mmWave signal profile at any unobserved locations. It allows Argus to find the best picocell locations to provide maximum coverage and also lets users self-localize accurately anywhere in the environment. Furthermore, Argus allows mmWave picocells to predict device's orientation accurately and enables object tagging and retrieval for VR\/AR applications. Currently, we implement and test Argus on two different buildings consisting of multiple different indoor environments. However, the generalization capability of Argus can easily update the model for unseen environments, and thus, Argus can be deployed to any indoor environment with little or no model fine-tuning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3508022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T23:44:29Z","timestamp":1646091869000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Argus"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Hem","family":"Regmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjib","family":"Sur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Status of Project IEEE 802.11ay","author":"IEEE P802.11 - Task Group ay","year":"2020","unstructured":"IEEE P802.11 - Task Group ay , \u201c Status of Project IEEE 802.11ay ,\u201d http:\/\/www.ieee802.org\/11\/Reports\/tgay_update.htm, 2020 . IEEE P802.11 - Task Group ay, \u201cStatus of Project IEEE 802.11ay,\u201d http:\/\/www.ieee802.org\/11\/Reports\/tgay_update.htm, 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"\u201cThe Mobile Broadband Standard: Release 17","author":"Global Initiative","year":"2021","unstructured":"BIBentryALTinterwordspacing3GPP: A Global Initiative , \u201cThe Mobile Broadband Standard: Release 17 ,\u201d 2021 . [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/release-17BIBentrySTDinterwordspacing BIBentryALTinterwordspacing3GPP: A Global Initiative, \u201cThe Mobile Broadband Standard: Release 17,\u201d 2021. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/release-17BIBentrySTDinterwordspacing"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)","author":"Rappaport","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mathew K. Samimi and Theodore S. Rappaport , \u201c3-D Statistical Channel Model for Millimeter-Wave Outdoor Mobile Broadband Communications ,\u201d in IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) , 2015 . Mathew K. Samimi and Theodore S. Rappaport, \u201c3-D Statistical Channel Model for Millimeter-Wave Outdoor Mobile Broadband Communications,\u201d in IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)","author":"Yijun Qiao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Theodore S. Rappaport and Eshar Ben-Dor and James N. Murdock and Yijun Qiao , \u201c38 GHz and 60 GHz Angle-Dependent Propagation for Cellular and Peer-to-Peer Wireless Communications ,\u201d in IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) , 2012 . Theodore S. Rappaport and Eshar Ben-Dor and James N. Murdock and Yijun Qiao, \u201c38 GHz and 60 GHz Angle-Dependent Propagation for Cellular and Peer-to-Peer Wireless Communications,\u201d in IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 2012."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume":"20","author":"Rappaport Spatial","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hao Xu and Vikas Kukshya and Theodore S. Rappaport , \u201c Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of 60-G Hz Indoor Channels ,\u201d IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications , vol. 20 , no. 3 , 2002 . Hao Xu and Vikas Kukshya and Theodore S. Rappaport, \u201cSpatial and Temporal Characteristics of 60-GHz Indoor Channels,\u201d IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, no. 3, 2002.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proc. of ACM SIGMETRICS","author":"Parmesh Ramanathan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sanjib Sur and Vignesh Venkateswaran and Xinyu Zhang and Parmesh Ramanathan , \u201c 60 GHz Indoor Networking through Flexible Beams: A Link-Level Profiling ,\u201d in Proc. of ACM SIGMETRICS , 2015 . Sanjib Sur and Vignesh Venkateswaran and Xinyu Zhang and Parmesh Ramanathan, \u201c60 GHz Indoor Networking through Flexible Beams: A Link-Level Profiling,\u201d in Proc. of ACM SIGMETRICS, 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI)","author":"Ranveer Chandra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sanjib Sur and Xinyu Zhang and Parmesh Ramanathan and Ranveer Chandra , \u201c BeamSpy: Enabling Robust 60 GHz Links Under Blockage ,\u201d in Proceedings of USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI) , 2016 . Sanjib Sur and Xinyu Zhang and Parmesh Ramanathan and Ranveer Chandra, \u201cBeamSpy: Enabling Robust 60 GHz Links Under Blockage,\u201d in Proceedings of USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI), 2016."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume":"3","author":"Rappaport In-Building","year":"2004","unstructured":"Christopher R. Anderson and Theodore S. Rappaport , \u201c In-Building Wideband Partition Loss Measurements at 2.5 and 60 G Hz ,\u201d IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications , vol. 3 , no. 3 , 2004 . Christopher R. Anderson and Theodore S. Rappaport, \u201cIn-Building Wideband Partition Loss Measurements at 2.5 and 60 GHz,\u201d IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 3, no. 3, 2004.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume":"61","author":"Tamir Broadband","year":"2013","unstructured":"Theodore S. Rappaport and Felix Gutierrez and Eshar Ben-Dor and James N. Murdock and Yijun Qiao and Jonathan I. Tamir , \u201c Broadband Millimeter-Wave Propagation Measurements and Models Using Adaptive-Beam Antennas for Outdoor Urban Cellular Communications ,\u201d IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation , vol. 61 , no. 4 , 2013 . Theodore S. Rappaport and Felix Gutierrez and Eshar Ben-Dor and James N. Murdock and Yijun Qiao and Jonathan I. Tamir, \u201cBroadband Millimeter-Wave Propagation Measurements and Models Using Adaptive-Beam Antennas for Outdoor Urban Cellular Communications,\u201d IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 61, no. 4, 2013.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2009.2030524"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume":"70","author":"Hindia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ahmed M. Al-Samman and Tharek A. Rahman and Marwan H. Azmi and M.N. Hindia , \u201cLarge-scale path loss models and time dispersion in an outdoor line-of-sight environment for 5G wireless communications,\u201d AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications , vol. 70 , no. 11 , 2016 . Ahmed M. Al-Samman and Tharek A. Rahman and Marwan H. Azmi and M.N. 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Timothy Dayne Hooks and Hem Regmi and Sanjib Sur, \u201cPoster: VisualMM: Visual Data and Learning Aided 5G Picocell Placement,\u201d in Proceedings of ACM International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (HotMobile), 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Site Survey Guidelines for WLAN Deployment","author":"TinterwordspacingCisco","year":"2021","unstructured":"BIBentryAL TinterwordspacingCisco , \u201c Site Survey Guidelines for WLAN Deployment ,\u201d 2021 . [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/wireless\/5500-series-wireless-controllers\/116057-site-survey-guidelines-wlan-00.htmlBIBentrySTDinterwordspacing BIBentryALTinterwordspacingCisco, \u201cSite Survey Guidelines for WLAN Deployment,\u201d 2021. [Online]. 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