{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:01:29Z","timestamp":1777654889147,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Plan China","award":["2020YFB1710900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB1710900"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Meas. Anal. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>5G claims to support mobility up to 500 km\/h according to the 3GPP standard. However, its field performance under high-speed scenes remains in mystery. In this paper, we conduct the first large-scale measurement campaign on a high-speed railway route operating at the maximum speed of 350 km\/h, with full coverage of LTE and 5G (NSA and SA) along the track. Our study consumed 1788.8 GiB of cellular data in six months, covering the three major carriers in China and the recent standardized QUIC protocol. Based on our dataset, we reveal the key characteristics of 5G and LTE in extreme mobility in terms of throughput, RTT, loss rate, signal quality, and physical resource utilization. We further develop a taxonomy of handovers in both LTE and 5G and carry out the link-layer latency breakdown analysis. Our study pinpoints the deficiencies in the user equipment, radio access network, and core network which hinder seamless connectivity and better utilization of 5G's high bandwidth. Our findings highlight the directions of the next step in the 5G evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3508040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T23:44:29Z","timestamp":1646091869000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The First 5G-LTE Comparative Study in Extreme Mobility"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Yueyang","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Ruihan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Chenren","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University, Beijing, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"5GAA. 2019. C-v2x use cases methodology examples and service level requirements. https:\/\/5gaa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/5GAA_191906_WP_CV2X_UCs_v1--3--1.pdf  5GAA. 2019. C-v2x use cases methodology examples and service level requirements. https:\/\/5gaa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/5GAA_191906_WP_CV2X_UCs_v1--3--1.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"The California High-Speed Rail Authority. 2021. 2021 sustainability report . https:\/\/hsr.ca.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Sustainability_Report_2021.pdf  The California High-Speed Rail Authority. 2021. 2021 sustainability report . https:\/\/hsr.ca.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Sustainability_Report_2021.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Abdelhak Bentaleb Mehmet N Akcay May Lim Ali C Begen and Roger Zimmermann. 2021. Catching the Moment with LoL  Abdelhak Bentaleb Mehmet N Akcay May Lim Ali C Begen and Roger Zimmermann. 2021. Catching the Moment with LoL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","author":"Low-Latency Live Twitch-Like","year":"2021","unstructured":"in Twitch-Like Low-Latency Live Streaming Platforms . IEEE Transactions on Multimedia ( 2021 ). in Twitch-Like Low-Latency Live Streaming Platforms. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"China.org. 2021. Over 100 5G base stations installed for 2022 Winter Olympics . http:\/\/www.china.org.cn\/business\/2021-06\/18\/content_77575629.htm  China.org. 2021. Over 100 5G base stations installed for 2022 Winter Olympics . http:\/\/www.china.org.cn\/business\/2021-06\/18\/content_77575629.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Dash-Industry-Forum. 2022. DASH.js . https:\/\/github.com\/Dash-Industry-Forum\/dash.js?  Dash-Industry-Forum. 2022. DASH.js . https:\/\/github.com\/Dash-Industry-Forum\/dash.js?"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korian Edeline Mirja K\u00fchlewind Brian Trammell and Benoit Donnet. 2017. copycat: Testing differential treatment of new transport protocols in the wild. In ACM\/IRTF ANRW .  Korian Edeline Mirja K\u00fchlewind Brian Trammell and Benoit Donnet. 2017. copycat: Testing differential treatment of new transport protocols in the wild. In ACM\/IRTF ANRW .","DOI":"10.1145\/3106328.3106330"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"ffmpeg team. 2022. FFmpeg project . https:\/\/ffmpeg.org\/  ffmpeg team. 2022. FFmpeg project . https:\/\/ffmpeg.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Google. 2016. BBR Congestion Control Algorithm . https:\/\/github.com\/google\/bbr  Google. 2016. BBR Congestion Control Algorithm . https:\/\/github.com\/google\/bbr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Google. 2021. QUICHE quic_protocol_flags_list.h . https:\/\/quiche.googlesource.com\/quiche\/  Google. 2021. QUICHE quic_protocol_flags_list.h . https:\/\/quiche.googlesource.com\/quiche\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"\/2403dac9448364d083c36bf9f0045d4accfae3de\/quic\/core\/quic_protocol_flags_list.h#240  \/2403dac9448364d083c36bf9f0045d4accfae3de\/quic\/core\/quic_protocol_flags_list.h#240"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Google. 2022. ChromeDriver . https:\/\/chromium.googlesource.com\/chromium\/src\/  Google. 2022. ChromeDriver . https:\/\/chromium.googlesource.com\/chromium\/src\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"\/refs\/heads\/main\/chrome\/test\/chromedriver  \/refs\/heads\/main\/chrome\/test\/chromedriver"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Z. Hrebicek Y. Crozet C. Cheze L. Guihery M. Reichenbach C. Desmaris K. Anderton and L. Krejci. 2014. RANSFORuM Roadmap High-speed Rail. Cologne \/ Koln: Rupprecht Consult . http:\/\/www.rupprecht-consult.eu\/uploads\/tx_rupprecht\/TRANSFORuM_D7--7_Roadmap_HSR.pdf  Z. Hrebicek Y. Crozet C. Cheze L. Guihery M. Reichenbach C. Desmaris K. Anderton and L. Krejci. 2014. RANSFORuM Roadmap High-speed Rail. Cologne \/ Koln: Rupprecht Consult . http:\/\/www.rupprecht-consult.eu\/uploads\/tx_rupprecht\/TRANSFORuM_D7--7_Roadmap_HSR.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"F5 Inc. 2022. Nginx . https:\/\/www.nginx.com\/  F5 Inc. 2022. Nginx . https:\/\/www.nginx.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theo Karagkioules Rufael Mekuria Dirk Griffioen and Arjen Wagenaar. 2020. Online learning for low-latency adaptive streaming. In ACM MMSys .  Theo Karagkioules Rufael Mekuria Dirk Griffioen and Arjen Wagenaar. 2020. Online learning for low-latency adaptive streaming. In ACM MMSys .","DOI":"10.1145\/3339825.3397042"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Li Ke Xu Tong Li Kai Zheng Chunyi Peng Dan Wang Xiangxiang Wang Meng Shen and Rashid Mijumbi. 2018. A measurement study on multi-path TCP with multiple cellular carriers on high speed rails. In ACM SIGCOMM .  Li Li Ke Xu Tong Li Kai Zheng Chunyi Peng Dan Wang Xiangxiang Wang Meng Shen and Rashid Mijumbi. 2018. A measurement study on multi-path TCP with multiple cellular carriers on high speed rails. In ACM SIGCOMM .","DOI":"10.1145\/3230543.3230556"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Yang Li Hao Lin Zhenhua Li Yunhao Liu Feng Qian Liangyi Gong Xianlong Xin and Tianyin Xu. 2021. A nationwide study on cellular reliability: measurement analysis and enhancements. In ACM SIGCOMM .  Yang Li Hao Lin Zhenhua Li Yunhao Liu Feng Qian Liangyi Gong Xianlong Xin and Tianyin Xu. 2021. A nationwide study on cellular reliability: measurement analysis and enhancements. In ACM SIGCOMM ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2973750.2973751"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"lsquic_bbr.c . https:\/\/github.com\/litespeedtech\/lsquic\/blob\/082507cd1032c90cefc0a9cad845c5fdeae53f86\/src\/liblsquic\/lsquic_bbr.c#L73-L74","author":"LSQUIC.","unstructured":"LSQUIC. 2021. lsquic_bbr.c . https:\/\/github.com\/litespeedtech\/lsquic\/blob\/082507cd1032c90cefc0a9cad845c5fdeae53f86\/src\/liblsquic\/lsquic_bbr.c#L73-L74 LSQUIC. 2021. lsquic_bbr.c . https:\/\/github.com\/litespeedtech\/lsquic\/blob\/082507cd1032c90cefc0a9cad845c5fdeae53f86\/src\/liblsquic\/lsquic_bbr.c#L73-L74"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"China Mobile. 2021. Small classroom for 5G common questions . https:\/\/www.10086.cn\/5G\/qna\/?headrndnum=0.09984317695903178  China Mobile. 2021. Small classroom for 5G common questions . https:\/\/www.10086.cn\/5G\/qna\/?headrndnum=0.09984317695903178"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvind Narayanan Eman Ramadan Jason Carpenter Qingxu Liu Yu Liu Feng Qian and Zhi-Li Zhang. 2020. A first look at commercial 5G performance on smartphones. In ACM WWW .  Arvind Narayanan Eman Ramadan Jason Carpenter Qingxu Liu Yu Liu Feng Qian and Zhi-Li Zhang. 2020. A first look at commercial 5G performance on smartphones. In ACM WWW .","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380169"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Zhuoqing Morley Mao, et almbox","author":"Narayanan Arvind","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arvind Narayanan , Xumiao Zhang , Ruiyang Zhu , Ahmad Hassan , Shuowei Jin , Xiao Zhu , Xiaoxuan Zhang , Denis Rybkin , Zhengxuan Yang , Zhuoqing Morley Mao, et almbox . 2021 . A variegated look at 5G in the wild: performance, power, and QoE implications. In ACM SIGCOMM . Arvind Narayanan, Xumiao Zhang, Ruiyang Zhu, Ahmad Hassan, Shuowei Jin, Xiao Zhu, Xiaoxuan Zhang, Denis Rybkin, Zhengxuan Yang, Zhuoqing Morley Mao, et almbox. 2021. A variegated look at 5G in the wild: performance, power, and QoE implications. In ACM SIGCOMM ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakob Nielsen. 1994. Usability engineering .Morgan Kaufmann.  Jakob Nielsen. 1994. Usability engineering .Morgan Kaufmann.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-052029-2.50009-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"The State Council of the People's Republic of China. 2016. Medium- and Long-Term Railway Network Plan . https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2016-07\/20\/5093165\/files\/1ebe946db2aa47248b799a1deed88144.pdf  The State Council of the People's Republic of China. 2016. Medium- and Long-Term Railway Network Plan . https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2016-07\/20\/5093165\/files\/1ebe946db2aa47248b799a1deed88144.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","article-title":"From theory to practice: Improving bitrate adaptation in the DASH reference player","volume":"15","author":"Spiteri Kevin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kevin Spiteri , Ramesh Sitaraman , and Daniel Sparacio . 2019 . From theory to practice: Improving bitrate adaptation in the DASH reference player . ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM) , Vol. 15 , 2s (2019). Kevin Spiteri, Ramesh Sitaraman, and Daniel Sparacio. 2019. From theory to practice: Improving bitrate adaptation in the DASH reference player. ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM) , Vol. 15, 2s (2019).","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2020.2996964"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Statista. 2021. Share of telecommunication 4G mobile users among all mobile internet users in China . https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1109550\/china-number-of-4g-mobile-subscirbers-share\/  Statista. 2021. Share of telecommunication 4G mobile users among all mobile internet users in China . https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1109550\/china-number-of-4g-mobile-subscirbers-share\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Comcast: Pandemic drove peak internet traffic up 32% in 2020 . https:\/\/venturebeat.com\/2021\/03\/02\/comcast-peak-internet-traffic-rose-32-in-pandemic-in-2020\/","year":"2021","unstructured":"VentureBeat. 2021 . Comcast: Pandemic drove peak internet traffic up 32% in 2020 . https:\/\/venturebeat.com\/2021\/03\/02\/comcast-peak-internet-traffic-rose-32-in-pandemic-in-2020\/ VentureBeat. 2021. Comcast: Pandemic drove peak internet traffic up 32% in 2020 . https:\/\/venturebeat.com\/2021\/03\/02\/comcast-peak-internet-traffic-rose-32-in-pandemic-in-2020\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"et almbox","author":"Wang Jing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jing Wang , Yufan Zheng , Yunzhe Ni , Chenren Xu , Feng Qian , Wangyang Li , Wantong Jiang , Yihua Cheng , Zhuo Cheng , Yuanjie Li , et almbox . 2019 . An active-passive measurement study of tcp performance over lte on high-speed rails. In ACM MobiCom . Jing Wang, Yufan Zheng, Yunzhe Ni, Chenren Xu, Feng Qian, Wangyang Li, Wantong Jiang, Yihua Cheng, Zhuo Cheng, Yuanjie Li, et almbox. 2019. An active-passive measurement study of tcp performance over lte on high-speed rails. In ACM MobiCom ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Wikipeida. 2021. IMT-2020 . https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IMT-2020  Wikipeida. 2021. IMT-2020 . https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IMT-2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3005486"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Dongzhu Xu Anfu Zhou Xinyu Zhang Guixian Wang Xi Liu Congkai An Yiming Shi Liang Liu and Huadong Ma. 2020 b. Understanding operational 5g: A first measurement study on its coverage performance and energy consumption. In ACM SIGCOMM .  Dongzhu Xu Anfu Zhou Xinyu Zhang Guixian Wang Xi Liu Congkai An Yiming Shi Liang Liu and Huadong Ma. 2020 b. Understanding operational 5g: A first measurement study on its coverage performance and energy consumption. In ACM SIGCOMM ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Xiaoqi Yin Abhishek Jindal Vyas Sekar and Bruno Sinopoli. 2015. A control-theoretic approach for dynamic adaptive video streaming over HTTP. In ACM SIGCOMM .  Xiaoqi Yin Abhishek Jindal Vyas Sekar and Bruno Sinopoli. 2015. A control-theoretic approach for dynamic adaptive video streaming over HTTP. In ACM SIGCOMM ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Youtube. 2022. Recommended upload encoding settings . https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/1722171#zippy=%2Cbitrate  Youtube. 2022. Recommended upload encoding settings . https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/1722171#zippy=%2Cbitrate"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3508040","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3508040","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:12:29Z","timestamp":1750191149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3508040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3508040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3508040","relation":{},"ISSN":["2476-1249"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2476-1249","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-02-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}