{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T08:31:21Z","timestamp":1770971481532,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":53,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009409","name":"Russian Science Support Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-29-00528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-29-00528"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3508072.3508183","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T17:01:56Z","timestamp":1649869316000},"page":"537-545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Bearing Measurement with Beam Refinement for Positioning in 5G Networks"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Grigoriy","family":"Fokin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, Russia"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13050118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10207191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUMT.2018.8631208"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2001096"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000150"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.011.2100091"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Bourdoux Andre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andre Bourdoux 2020 . 6G White Paper on Localization and Sensing . Retrieved December 14, 2021 from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.01779 Andre Bourdoux 2020. 6G White Paper on Localization and Sensing. Retrieved December 14, 2021 from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.01779"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2885413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2017.2701903"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2785181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Lauri Wirola and Carlo Fischione","author":"Laoudias Christos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Christos Laoudias , Adriano Moreira , Sunwoo Kim , Sangwoo Lee , Lauri Wirola and Carlo Fischione . 2018 . A Survey of Enabling Technologies for Network Localization, Tracking , and Navigation. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 20, 4, (Fourthquarter 2018), 3607-3644, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2018.2855063 10.1109\/COMST.2018.2855063 Christos Laoudias, Adriano Moreira, Sunwoo Kim, Sangwoo Lee, Lauri Wirola and Carlo Fischione. 2018. A Survey of Enabling Technologies for Network Localization, Tracking, and Navigation. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 20, 4, (Fourthquarter 2018), 3607-3644, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2018.2855063"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Bartoletti Stefania","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stefania Bartoletti , Andrea Conti , Davide Dardari , and Andrea Giorgetti . 2018 . 5G Localization and Context-Awareness. 5G Italy White Book: From Research to Market, 2018 . Retrieved December 14, 2021 from https:\/\/www.5gitaly.eu\/2018\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/5G-Italy-White-eBook-5G-Localization.pdf Stefania Bartoletti, Andrea Conti, Davide Dardari, and Andrea Giorgetti. 2018. 5G Localization and Context-Awareness. 5G Italy White Book: From Research to Market, 2018. Retrieved December 14, 2021 from https:\/\/www.5gitaly.eu\/2018\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/5G-Italy-White-eBook-5G-Localization.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2017.7994887"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600374"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"High-Accuracy Localization for Assisted Living: 5G systems will turn multipath channels from foe to friend","volume":"33","author":"Klaus Witrisal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klaus Witrisal et. al. 2016 . High-Accuracy Localization for Assisted Living: 5G systems will turn multipath channels from foe to friend . IEEE Signal Processing Magazine , 33 , 2 (March 2016) 59-70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MSP.2015.2504328 10.1109\/MSP.2015.2504328 Klaus Witrisal et. al. 2016. High-Accuracy Localization for Assisted Living: 5G systems will turn multipath channels from foe to friend. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 33, 2 (March 2016) 59-70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MSP.2015.2504328","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2014.2332611"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Handbook of position location: Theory, practice and advances","author":"Zekavat Reza","unstructured":"Reza Zekavat , R. Michael Buehrer . 2019. Handbook of position location: Theory, practice and advances , 2 nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons . Reza Zekavat, R. Michael Buehrer. 2019. Handbook of position location: Theory, practice and advances, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EExPolytech53083.2021.9614751"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUMT54235.2021.9631679"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Service requirements for the 5G system","author":"GPP TS","unstructured":"3 GPP TS 22.261 V18.3.0 (2021-06). Service requirements for the 5G system ; Stage 1 (Release 18). 3GPP TS 22.261 V18.3.0 (2021-06). Service requirements for the 5G system; Stage 1 (Release 18)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","series-title":"Release 16","volume-title":"Study on Communication for Automation in Vertical Domains","author":"GPP TR","unstructured":"3 GPP TR 22.804 V16.3.0 (2020-07). Study on Communication for Automation in Vertical Domains ( Release 16 ) . 3GPP TR 22.804 V16.3.0 (2020-07). Study on Communication for Automation in Vertical Domains (Release 16)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Study on positioning use cases","author":"GPP TR","unstructured":"3 GPP TR 22.872 V16.1.0 (2018-09). Study on positioning use cases ; Stage 1 (Release 16). 3GPP TR 22.872 V16.1.0 (2018-09). Study on positioning use cases; Stage 1 (Release 16)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Feasibility Study on New Services and Markets Technology Enablers for Critical Communications","author":"GPP TR","unstructured":"3 GPP TR 22.862 V14.1.0 (2016-09). Feasibility Study on New Services and Markets Technology Enablers for Critical Communications ; Stage 1 (Release 14). 3GPP TR 22.862 V14.1.0 (2016-09). Feasibility Study on New Services and Markets Technology Enablers for Critical Communications; Stage 1 (Release 14)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"5G System (5GS) Location Services (LCS)","author":"GPP TS","unstructured":"3 GPP TS 23.273 V17.2.0 (2021-09). 5G System (5GS) Location Services (LCS) ; Stage 2 (Release 17). 3GPP TS 23.273 V17.2.0 (2021-09). 5G System (5GS) Location Services (LCS); Stage 2 (Release 17)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"NG Radio Access Network (NG-RAN)","author":"GPP TS","unstructured":"3 GPP TS 38.305 V16.5.0 (2021-06). NG Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) ; Stage 2 functional specification of User Equipment (UE) positioning in NG-RAN (Release 16). 3GPP TS 38.305 V16.5.0 (2021-06). NG Radio Access Network (NG-RAN); Stage 2 functional specification of User Equipment (UE) positioning in NG-RAN (Release 16)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"3GPP TS 37.171 V16.1.0 (2020-09). User Equipment (UE) performance requirements for Radio Access Technology (RAT) Independent Positioning Enhancements (Release 16).  3GPP TS 37.171 V16.1.0 (2020-09). User Equipment (UE) performance requirements for Radio Access Technology (RAT) Independent Positioning Enhancements (Release 16)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"3GPP TS 38.455 V16.3.0 (2021-04). NG-RAN; NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) (Release 16).  3GPP TS 38.455 V16.3.0 (2021-04). NG-RAN; NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) (Release 16)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","series-title":"Release 16","volume-title":"LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)","author":"GPP TS","unstructured":"3 GPP TS 37.355 V16.4.0 (2021-03). LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) ( Release 16 ) . 3GPP TS 37.355 V16.4.0 (2021-03). LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) (Release 16)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","series-title":"Release 14","volume-title":"Study on New Radio Access Technology Physical Layer Aspects","author":"GPP TR","unstructured":"3 GPP TR 38.802 V14.2.0 (2017-09). Study on New Radio Access Technology Physical Layer Aspects ( Release 14 ) . 3GPP TR 38.802 V14.2.0 (2017-09). Study on New Radio Access Technology Physical Layer Aspects (Release 14)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"3GPP TS 38.214 V16.7.0 (2021-09). NR; Physical layer procedures for data (Release 16).  3GPP TS 38.214 V16.7.0 (2021-09). NR; Physical layer procedures for data (Release 16)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"3GPP TS 38.215 V16.4.0 (2020-12). NR; Physical layer measurements (Release 16).  3GPP TS 38.215 V16.4.0 (2020-12). NR; Physical layer measurements (Release 16)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Collaborative European Research Conference (CERC","author":"Stepanets Irina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Irina Stepanets , Grigoriy Fokin and Andreas M\u00fcller . 2019 . Beamforming Techniques Performance Evaluation for 5G massive MIMO Systems . In Proceedings of the 5th Collaborative European Research Conference (CERC 2019). Darmstadt, Germany, 2348 , 57 - 68 . Irina Stepanets, Grigoriy Fokin and Andreas M\u00fcller. 2019. Beamforming Techniques Performance Evaluation for 5G massive MIMO Systems. In Proceedings of the 5th Collaborative European Research Conference (CERC 2019). Darmstadt, Germany, 2348, 57-68."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MTTW.2019.8897228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EExPolytech.2019.8906825"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Stefania Bartoletti and Nicola Blefari-Melazzi","author":"Chiaraviglio Luca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luca Chiaraviglio , Simone Rossetti , Sara Saida , Stefania Bartoletti and Nicola Blefari-Melazzi . 2021 . Pencil Beamforming Increases Human Exposure to ElectroMagnetic Fields\u201d: True or False? IEEE Access , 9, (February 2021), 25158-25171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3057237 10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3057237 Luca Chiaraviglio, Simone Rossetti, Sara Saida, Stefania Bartoletti and Nicola Blefari-Melazzi. 2021. Pencil Beamforming Increases Human Exposure to ElectroMagnetic Fields\u201d: True or False? IEEE Access, 9, (February 2021), 25158-25171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3057237"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2001184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2001010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2019.1800384"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700761"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Douglas Castor and Michele Zorzi","author":"Giordani Marco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marco Giordani , Michele Polese , Arnab Roy , Douglas Castor and Michele Zorzi . 2019 . A Tutorial on Beam Management for 3GPP NR at mmWave Frequencies. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 21, 1, (Firstquarter 2019), 173-196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2018.2869411 10.1109\/COMST.2018.2869411 Marco Giordani, Michele Polese, Arnab Roy, Douglas Castor and Michele Zorzi. 2019. A Tutorial on Beam Management for 3GPP NR at mmWave Frequencies. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 21, 1, (Firstquarter 2019), 173-196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2018.2869411"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Xiaodan Zhang and Kaibin Huang","author":"Ruyue Li Yu-Ngok","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu-Ngok Ruyue Li , Bo Gao , Xiaodan Zhang and Kaibin Huang . 2020 . Beam Management in Millimeter-Wave Communications for 5G and Beyond. IEEE Access , 8, (January 2020), 13282-13293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2963514 10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2963514 Yu-Ngok Ruyue Li, Bo Gao, Xiaodan Zhang and Kaibin Huang. 2020. Beam Management in Millimeter-Wave Communications for 5G and Beyond. IEEE Access, 8, (January 2020), 13282-13293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2963514"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Antenna theory: analysis and design","author":"Balanis Constantine A.","unstructured":"Constantine A. Balanis . 2016. Antenna theory: analysis and design , 4 th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . Constantine A. Balanis. 2016. Antenna theory: analysis and design, 4th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Phased Array Antenna Handbook","author":"Mailloux Robert J.","unstructured":"Robert J. Mailloux . 2017. Phased Array Antenna Handbook , Artech House . Robert J. Mailloux. 2017. Phased Array Antenna Handbook, Artech House."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Smart Antennas with MATLAB","author":"Gross Frank","unstructured":"Frank Gross . 2015. Smart Antennas with MATLAB . McGraw-Hill . Frank Gross. 2015. Smart Antennas with MATLAB. McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"System Toolbox Phased Array","year":"2021","unstructured":"Phased Array System Toolbox . Mathworks. Retrieved December 14, 2021 from https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/products\/phased-array.html Phased Array System Toolbox. Mathworks. Retrieved December 14, 2021 from https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/products\/phased-array.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31854\/1813-324X-2020-6-4-45-59"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31854\/1813-324X-2021-7-2-51-67"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUMT54235.2021.9631627"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MTTW53539.2021.9607082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Beam Sweeping NR SSB","year":"2021","unstructured":"NR SSB Beam Sweeping . Mathworks. Retrieved December 14, 2021 from https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/help\/5g\/ug\/nr-ssb-beam-sweeping.html NR SSB Beam Sweeping. Mathworks. Retrieved December 14, 2021 from https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/help\/5g\/ug\/nr-ssb-beam-sweeping.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Downlink Transmit-End Beam NR","year":"2021","unstructured":"NR Downlink Transmit-End Beam Refinement Using CSI-RS. Mathworks . Retrieved December 14, 2021 from https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/help\/5g\/ug\/nr-downlink-transmit-end-beam-refinement-using-csi-rs.html NR Downlink Transmit-End Beam Refinement Using CSI-RS. Mathworks. Retrieved December 14, 2021 from https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/help\/5g\/ug\/nr-downlink-transmit-end-beam-refinement-using-csi-rs.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Toolbox G","year":"2021","unstructured":"5 G Toolbox . Mathworks. Retrieved December 14, 2021 from https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/products\/5g.html 5G Toolbox. Mathworks. Retrieved December 14, 2021 from https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/products\/5g.html"}],"event":{"name":"ICFNDS 2021: The 5th International Conference on Future Networks & Distributed Systems","location":"Dubai United Arab Emirates","acronym":"ICFNDS 2021"},"container-title":["The 5th International Conference on Future Networks & Distributed Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3508072.3508183","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3508072.3508183","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:12:30Z","timestamp":1750191150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3508072.3508183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3508072.3508183","10.1145\/3508072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3508072.3508183","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-04-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}