{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:19:01Z","timestamp":1750220341523,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":16,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3508230.3508242","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T22:07:38Z","timestamp":1646777258000},"page":"81-87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Low-Resource NMT: A Case Study on the Written and Spoken Languages in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Hei","family":"Yi Mak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Sutskever I. Vinyals O. and Le Q. V. 2014. Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks. CoRR abs\/1409.3215.  Sutskever I. Vinyals O. and Le Q. V. 2014. Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks. CoRR abs\/1409.3215."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Gehring J. Auli M. Grangier D. Yarats D. and Dauphin Y. N. 2017. Convolutional sequence to sequence learning. CoRR abs\/1705.03122.  Gehring J. Auli M. Grangier D. Yarats D. and Dauphin Y. N. 2017. Convolutional sequence to sequence learning. CoRR abs\/1705.03122."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Vaswani A. Shazeer N. Parmar N. Uszkoreit J. Jones L. Gomez A. N. Kaiser L. and Polosukhin I. 2017. Attention is all you need. CoRR abs\/1706.03762.  Vaswani A. Shazeer N. Parmar N. Uszkoreit J. Jones L. Gomez A. N. Kaiser L. and Polosukhin I. 2017. Attention is all you need. CoRR abs\/1706.03762."},{"volume-title":"3rd International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Bahdanau D.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Bahdanau , D. , Cho , K. , and Bengio , Y . 2015. Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate . In 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations , San Diego, CA, USA. Bahdanau, D., Cho, K., and Bengio, Y. 2015. Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. In 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"volume-title":"Cantonese as Written Language: The Growth of a Written Chinese Vernacular","author":"Snow D.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Snow , D. 2004. Cantonese as Written Language: The Growth of a Written Chinese Vernacular . Hong Kong University Press . Snow, D. 2004. Cantonese as Written Language: The Growth of a Written Chinese Vernacular. Hong Kong University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC","author":"Honnet P. E.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Honnet , P. E. , Popescu-Belis , A. , Musat , C. , and Baeriswyl , M . 2018. Machine translation of low-resource spoken dialects: Strategies for normalizing Swiss German . In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018 ), Miyazaki, Japan. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). Honnet, P. E., Popescu-Belis, A., Musat, C., and Baeriswyl, M. 2018. Machine translation of low-resource spoken dialects: Strategies for normalizing Swiss German. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018), Miyazaki, Japan. European Language Resources Association (ELRA)."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation","author":"Abe K.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Abe , K. , Matsubayashi , Y. , Okazaki , N. , and Inui , K . 2018. Multi-dialect neural machine translation and dialectometry . In Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation , Hong Kong, 1\u20133 December. Association for Computational Linguistics. Abe, K., Matsubayashi, Y., Okazaki, N., and Inui, K. 2018. Multi-dialect neural machine translation and dialectometry. In Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Hong Kong, 1\u20133 December. Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Artetxe M. and Schwenk H. 2018. Massively multilingual sentence embeddings for zero-shot cross-lingual transfer and beyond. CoRR abs\/1812.10464.  Artetxe M. and Schwenk H. 2018. Massively multilingual sentence embeddings for zero-shot cross-lingual transfer and beyond. CoRR abs\/1812.10464."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","first-page":"766","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning","author":"Xu P.","unstructured":"Xu , P. and Fung , P . 2012. Cross-lingual language modeling with syntactic reordering for low-resource speech recognition . In Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning , pages 766 - 776 , Jeju Island, Korea, July. Association for Computational Linguistics. Xu, P. and Fung, P. 2012. Cross-lingual language modeling with syntactic reordering for low-resource speech recognition. In Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning, pages 766-776, Jeju Island, Korea, July. Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (Volumn 1: Research Track)","author":"Wong T.-S.","unstructured":"Wong , T.-S. and Lee , J . 2018. Register-sensitive translation: a case study of Mandarin and Cantonese . In Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (Volumn 1: Research Track) , pages 89 - 96 , Boston, MA, March. Association for Machine Translation in the Americas. Wong, T.-S. and Lee, J. 2018. Register-sensitive translation: a case study of Mandarin and Cantonese. In Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (Volumn 1: Research Track), pages 89-96, Boston, MA, March. Association for Machine Translation in the Americas."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Gibbons J. 1987. Code-mixing and Code Choice: A Hong Kong Case Study. Multilingual Matters.  Gibbons J. 1987. Code-mixing and Code Choice: A Hong Kong Case Study. Multilingual Matters."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","first-page":"4171","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","volume":"1","author":"Devlin J.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Devlin , J. , Chang , M. W. , Lee , K. , and Toutanova , K. 2019 . BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics : Human Language Technologies , Volume 1 , 4171 - 4186 . Devlin, J., Chang, M. W., Lee, K., and Toutanova, K. 2019. BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1, 4171-4186.","journal-title":"Human Language Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","first-page":"1462","volume-title":"Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing","author":"Lee J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee , J. 2011 . Toward a parallel corpus of spoken Cantonese and written Chinese . In Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing , pages 1462 - 1466 , Chiang Mai, Thailand, November. Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing. Lee, J. 2011. Toward a parallel corpus of spoken Cantonese and written Chinese. In Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, pages 1462-1466, Chiang Mai, Thailand, November. Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","first-page":"266","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling","author":"Wong T.-S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wong , T.-S. , Gerdes , K. , Leung , H. , and Lee , J . 2017. Quantitative comparative syntax on the Cantonese-Mandarin parallel dependency treebank . In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017 ), pages 266 - 275 , Pisa, Italy, September, Link\u00f6ping University Electronic Press. Wong, T.-S., Gerdes, K., Leung, H., and Lee, J. 2017. Quantitative comparative syntax on the Cantonese-Mandarin parallel dependency treebank. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017), pages 266-275, Pisa, Italy, September, Link\u00f6ping University Electronic Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Wikimatrix: Mining 135m parallel sentences in 1620 language pairs from wikipedia. CoRR, abs\/1907.05791.","author":"Schwenk H.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwenk , H. , Chaudhary , V. , Sun , S. , Gong , H. , and Guzm\u00e1n , F . 2019 . Wikimatrix: Mining 135m parallel sentences in 1620 language pairs from wikipedia. CoRR, abs\/1907.05791. Schwenk, H., Chaudhary, V., Sun, S., Gong, H., and Guzm\u00e1n, F. 2019. Wikimatrix: Mining 135m parallel sentences in 1620 language pairs from wikipedia. CoRR, abs\/1907.05791."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","first-page":"318","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Papineni K.","unstructured":"Papineni , K. , Roukos , S. , Ward , T. , and Zhu , W. J . 2002. Bleu: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation . In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages 311\u2013 318 , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, July. Association for Computational Linguistics. Papineni, K., Roukos, S., Ward, T., and Zhu, W. J. 2002. Bleu: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 311\u2013318, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, July. Association for Computational Linguistics."}],"event":{"name":"NLPIR 2021: 2021 5th International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval","acronym":"NLPIR 2021","location":"Sanya China"},"container-title":["2021 5th International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval (NLPIR)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3508230.3508242","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3508230.3508242","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:12:31Z","timestamp":1750191151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3508230.3508242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"references-count":16,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3508230.3508242","10.1145\/3508230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3508230.3508242","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}