{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T21:06:10Z","timestamp":1768338370527,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hybrid Intelligence Center"},{"name":"Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science through the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Recent research has highlighted the importance of mixed-initiative interactions in conversational search. To enable mixed-initiative interactions, information retrieval systems should be able to ask diverse questions, such as information-seeking, clarification, and open-ended ones.\n            <jats:bold>question generation (QG)<\/jats:bold>\n            of open-domain conversational systems aims at enhancing the interactiveness and persistence of human-machine interactions. The task is challenging because of the sparsity of question generation (QG)-specific data in conversations. Current work is limited to single-turn interaction scenarios. We propose a\n            <jats:italic>\n              <jats:bold>context-enhanced neural question generation<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:bold>(CNQG)<\/jats:bold>\n            model that leverages the conversational context to predict question content and pattern, then perform question decoding. A hierarchical encoder framework is employed to obtain the discourse-level context representation. Based on this, we propose\n            <jats:italic>Review<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Transit<\/jats:italic>\n            mechanisms to respectively select contextual keywords and predict new topic words to further construct the question content. Conversational context and the predicted question content are used to produce the question pattern, which in turn guides the question decoding process implemented by a recurrent decoder with a joint attention mechanism. To fully utilize the limited QG-specific data to train our question generator, we perform multi-task learning with three auxiliary training objectives, i.e., question pattern prediction,\n            <jats:italic>Review<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>Transit<\/jats:italic>\n            mechanisms. The required additional labeled data is obtained in a self-supervised way. We also design a weight decaying strategy to adjust the influences of various auxiliary learning tasks. To the best of our acknowledge, we are the first to extend the application of QG to the multi-turn open-domain conversational scenario. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposal and its main components on generating relevant and informative questions, with robust performance for contexts with various lengths.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3510612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T20:19:19Z","timestamp":1644869959000},"page":"1-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Generating Relevant and Informative Questions for Open-Domain Conversations"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Yanxiang","family":"Ling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an JiaoTong University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"}]},{"given":"Honghui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"de Rijke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","article-title":"ConvAI3: Generating clarifying questions for open-domain dialogue systems (ClariQ)","volume":"2009","author":"Aliannejadi Mohammad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohammad Aliannejadi, Julia Kiseleva, Aleksandr Chuklin, Jeff Dalton, and Mikhail S. Burtsev. 2020. ConvAI3: Generating clarifying questions for open-domain dialogue systems (ClariQ). CoRR abs\/2009.11352 (2020).","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3331184.3331265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","volume-title":"The 2nd Workshop on Conversational Approaches to Information Retrieval","author":"Azzopardi Leif","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leif Azzopardi, Mateusz Dubiel, Martin Halvey, and Jeffery Dalton. 2018. Conceptualizing agent-human interactions during the conversational search process. In The 2nd Workshop on Conversational Approaches to Information Retrieval."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"133","article-title":"Anomalous states of knowledge as a basis for information retrieval","volume":"5","author":"Belkin Nicholas J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Nicholas J. Belkin. 1980. Anomalous states of knowledge as a basis for information retrieval. Can. J. Inf. Sci. 5, 1 (1980), 133\u2013143.","journal-title":"Can. J. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3357384.3357939"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007379606734"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3166054.3166058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3178876.3186077"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation","author":"Cho Kyunghyun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kyunghyun Cho, Bart van Merri\u00ebnboer, Dzmitry Bahdanau, and Yoshua Bengio. 2014. On the properties of neural machine translation: Encoder\u2013decoder approaches. In Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation. 103\u2013111."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"815","volume-title":"KDD 2016: 22nd ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","author":"Christakopoulou Konstantina","year":"2016","unstructured":"Konstantina Christakopoulou, Filip Radlinski, and Katja Hofmann. 2016. Towards conversational recommender systems. In KDD 2016: 22nd ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. ACM, 815\u2013824."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3115\/981623.981633","volume-title":"27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistic","author":"Church Kenneth Ward","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kenneth Ward Church and Patrick Hanks. 1989. Word association norms, mutual information and lexicography. In 27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistic. 76\u201383."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"389","article-title":"I3R: A new approach to the design of document retrieval systems","volume":"38","author":"Croft W. Bruce","year":"1987","unstructured":"W. Bruce Croft and R. H. Thompson. 1987. I3R: A new approach to the design of document retrieval systems. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 38, 6 (1987), 389\u2013404.","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.69","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Dhole Kaustubh D.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaustubh D. Dhole and Christopher D. Manning. 2020. Syn-QG: Syntactic and shallow semantic rules for question generation. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 752\u2013765."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"1342","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Du Xinya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xinya Du, Junru Shao, and Claire Cardie. 2017. Learning to ask: Neural question generation for reading comprehension. In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 1342\u20131352."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1090"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aiopen.2021.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"4853","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 57th Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Gao Yifan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yifan Gao, Piji Li, Irwin King, and Michael R. Lyu. 2019. Interconnected question generation with coreference alignment and conversation flow modeling. In Proceedings of the 57th Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 4853\u20134862."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","volume-title":"6th International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Hu Wenpeng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wenpeng Hu, Bing Liu, Jinwen Ma, Dongyan Zhao, and Rui Yan. 2018. Aspect-based question generation. In 6th International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3383123","article-title":"Challenges in building intelligent open-domain dialog systems","volume":"38","author":"Huang Minlie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Minlie Huang, Xiaoyan Zhu, and Jianfeng Gao. 2020. Challenges in building intelligent open-domain dialog systems. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. (TOIS) 38, 3 (2020), 1\u201332.","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. (TOIS)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"7482","volume-title":"2018 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Kendall Alex","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alex Kendall, Yarin Gal, and Roberto Cipolla. 2018. Multi-task learning using uncertainty to weigh losses for scene geometry and semantics. In 2018 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 7482\u20137491."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3209978.3210160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3409256.3409817"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","article-title":"PONE: A novel automatic evaluation metric for open-domain generative dialogue systems","volume":"2004","author":"Lan Tian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tian Lan, Xianling Mao, Wei Wei, Xiaoyan Gao, and Heyan Huang. 2020. PONE: A novel automatic evaluation metric for open-domain generative dialogue systems. CoRR abs\/2004.02399 (2020).","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3336191.3371769"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"110","volume-title":"The 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"Li Jiwei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jiwei Li, Michel Galley, Chris Brockett, Jianfeng Gao, and Bill Dolan. 2016. A diversity-promoting objective function for neural conversation models. In The 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. 110\u2013119."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","volume-title":"5th International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Li Jiwei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiwei Li, Alexander H. Miller, Sumit Chopra, Marc\u2019Aurelio Ranzato, and Jason Weston. 2017. Learning through dialogue interactions by asking questions. In 5th International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"986","volume-title":"Proceedings of the E8th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing","author":"Li Yanran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yanran Li, Hui Su, Xiaoyu Shen, Wenjie Li, Ziqiang Cao, and Shuzi Niu. 2017. DailyDialog: A manually labelled multi-turn dialogue dataset. In Proceedings of the E8th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing. 986\u2013995."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","volume-title":"Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (HLT-NAACL\u201903","author":"Lin Chin-Yew","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chin-Yew Lin and Eduard H. Hovy. 2003. Automatic evaluation of summaries using n-gram co-occurrence statistics. In Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (HLT-NAACL\u201903)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3379996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2020.102392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1441"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","article-title":"Transformer-based end-to-end question generation","volume":"2005","author":"Lopez Luis Enrico","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luis Enrico Lopez, Diane Kathryn Cruz, Jan Christian Blaise Cruz, and Charibeth Cheng. 2020. Transformer-based end-to-end question generation. CoRR abs\/2005.01107 (2020).","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4328","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1464","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Mesgar Mohsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohsen Mesgar and Michael Strube. 2018. A neural local coherence model for text quality assessment. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 4328\u20134339."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-5809","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Machine Reading for Question Answering (MRQA@EMNLP\u201919","author":"Nakanishi Mao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mao Nakanishi, Tetsunori Kobayashi, and Yoshihiko Hayashi. 2019. Towards answer-unaware conversational question generation. In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Machine Reading for Question Answering (MRQA@EMNLP\u201919). 63\u201371."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"2114","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 57th Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Pan Boyuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boyuan Pan, Hao Li, Ziyu Yao, Deng Cai, and Huan Sun. 2019. Reinforced dynamic reasoning for conversational question generation. In Proceedings of the 57th Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 2114\u20132124."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"1463","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Pan Liangming","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liangming Pan, Yuxi Xie, Yansong Feng, Tat-Seng Chua, and Min-Yen Kan. 2020. Semantic graphs for generating deep questions. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 1463\u20131475."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Papineni Kishore","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kishore Papineni, Salim Roukos, Todd Ward, and Wei-Jing Zhu. 2002. BLEU: A method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 311\u2013318."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3020165.3020183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","article-title":"Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer","volume":"1910","author":"Raffel Colin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J. Liu. 2019. Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer. CoRR abs\/1910.10683 (2019).","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1534"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","article-title":"Conversations with search engines","volume":"30","author":"Ren Pengjie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pengjie Ren, Zhumin Chen, Zhaochun Ren, Evangelos Kanoulas, Christof Monz, and Maarten de Rijke. 2021. Conversations with search engines. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 30, 2 (2021).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","first-page":"172","volume-title":"RecSys 2018: The ACM Conference on Recommender Systems","author":"Sepliarskaia Anna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anna Sepliarskaia, Julia Kiseleva, Filip Radlinski, and Maarten de Rijke. 2018. Preference elicitation as an optimization problem. In RecSys 2018: The ACM Conference on Recommender Systems. ACM, 172\u2013180."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5087\/dad.2018.101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3016387.3016435"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.10983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","first-page":"1577","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing","author":"Shang Lifeng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lifeng Shang, Zhengdong Lu, and Hang Li. 2015. Neural responding machine for short-text conversation. In Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing. 1577\u20131586."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/N15-1020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1427"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2969033.2969173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","first-page":"42\u201451","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval (CHIIR\u201918)","author":"Thomas Paul","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paul Thomas, Mary Czerwinski, Daniel McDuff, Nick Craswell, and Gloria Mark. 2018. Style and alignment in information-seeking conversation. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval (CHIIR\u201918). 42\u201451."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3176349.3176387"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","first-page":"Article 49","article-title":"A large-scale analysis of mixed initiative in information-seeking dialogues for conversational search","volume":"39","author":"Vakulenko Svitlana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Svitlana Vakulenko, Evangelos Kanoulas, and Maarten de Rijke. 2021. A large-scale analysis of mixed initiative in information-seeking dialogues for conversational search. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 39, 4 (August2021), Article 49.","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","volume-title":"1st International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational AI","author":"Vakulenko Svitlana","year":"2017","unstructured":"Svitlana Vakulenko, Ilya Markov, and Maarten de Rijke. 2017. Conversational exploratory search via interactive storytelling. In 1st International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational AI."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","first-page":"541","volume-title":"ECIR 2019: 41st European Conference on Information Retrieval","author":"Vakulenko Svitlana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Svitlana Vakulenko, Kate Revoredo, Claudio Di Ciccio, and Maarten de Rijke. 2019. QRFA: A data-driven model of information-seeking dialogues. In ECIR 2019: 41st European Conference on Information Retrieval. Springer, 541\u2013557."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","article-title":"Conversational browsing","author":"Vakulenko Svitlana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Svitlana Vakulenko, Vadim Savenkov, and Maarten de Rijke. 2020. Conversational browsing. arXiv:2012.03704. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2012.03704.","journal-title":"arXiv:2012.03704"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","first-page":"5065","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing","author":"Wang Weichao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weichao Wang, Shi Feng, Daling Wang, and Yifei Zhang. 2019. Answer-guided and semantic coherent question generation in open-domain conversation. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing. 5065\u20135075."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","first-page":"255","volume-title":"The 41st International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research & Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Wang Wenjie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wenjie Wang, Minlie Huang, Xin-Shun Xu, Fumin Shen, and Liqiang Nie. 2018. Chat more: Deepening and widening the chatting topic via a deep model. In The 41st International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research & Development in Information Retrieval. 255\u2013264."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","first-page":"2193","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Wang Yansen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yansen Wang, Chenyi Liu, Minlie Huang, and Liqiang Nie. 2018. Learning to ask questions in open-domain conversational systems with typed decoders. In Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 2193\u20132203."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11634-020-00394-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1361684.1361686"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.10981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11965"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","first-page":"1618","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP\u201919","author":"Xu Jingjing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jingjing Xu, Yuechen Wang, Duyu Tang, Nan Duan, Pengcheng Yang, Qi Zeng, Ming Zhou, and Xu Sun. 2019. Asking clarification questions in knowledge-based question answering. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP\u201919). 1618\u20131629."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","first-page":"678","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 57th Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Xu Peng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peng Xu, Hamidreza Saghir, Jin Sung Kang, Teng Long, Avishek Joey Bose, Yanshuai Cao, and Jackie Chi Kit Cheung. 2019. A cross-domain transferable neural coherence model. In Proceedings of the 57th Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 678\u2013687."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1362","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Zhang Hainan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hainan Zhang, Yanyan Lan, Liang Pang, Jiafeng Guo, and Xueqi Cheng. 2019. ReCoSa: Detecting the relevant contexts with self-attention for multi-turn dialogue generation. In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 3721\u20133730."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.184","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Zhang Houyu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Houyu Zhang, Zhenghao Liu, Chenyan Xiong, and Zhiyuan Liu. 2020. Grounded conversation generation as guided traverses in commonsense knowledge graphs. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 2031\u20132043."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1205"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","volume-title":"8th International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR\u201920)","author":"Zhang Tianyi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tianyi Zhang, Varsha Kishore, Felix Wu, Kilian Q. Weinberger, and Yoav Artzi. 2020. BERTScore: Evaluating text generation with BERT. In 8th International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR\u201920)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3269206.3271776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-demos.30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","first-page":"654","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Zhao Tiancheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tiancheng Zhao, Ran Zhao, and Maxine Eskenazi. 2017. Learning discourse-level diversity for neural dialog models using conditional variational autoencoders. In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 654\u2013664."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","first-page":"662","volume-title":"Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing\u20146th CCF International Conference","author":"Zhou Qingyu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qingyu Zhou, Nan Yang, Furu Wei, Chuanqi Tan, Hangbo Bao, and Ming Zhou. 2017. Neural question generation from text: A preliminary study. In Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing\u20146th CCF International Conference. 662\u2013671."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","first-page":"3392","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing","author":"Zhou Wenjie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wenjie Zhou, Minghua Zhang, and Yunfang Wu. 2019. Multi-task learning with language modeling for question generation. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, Kentaro Inui, Jing Jiang, Vincent Ng, and Xiaojun Wan (Eds.). 3392\u20133397."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","first-page":"6031","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing","author":"Zhou Wenjie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wenjie Zhou, Minghua Zhang, and Yunfang Wu. 2019. Question-type driven question generation. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing. 6031\u20136036."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3510612","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3510612","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:12:20Z","timestamp":1750191140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3510612"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3510612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3510612","relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-8188","1558-2868"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1046-8188","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-2868","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}