{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T15:33:36Z","timestamp":1777908816053,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":33,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"5GEAR Project","award":["318927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["318927"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council, Hong Kong","award":["16214817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16214817"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FIT Project 325570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIT Project 325570"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3511095.3536372","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T17:32:06Z","timestamp":1655746326000},"page":"259-262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Weaponising Social Media for Information Divide and Warfare"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Ehsan-Ul","family":"Haq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Tyson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Braud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong and University of Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","unstructured":"2016. Inside Trump\u2019s \u2019cyborg\u2019 Twitter army. https:\/\/www.politico.com\/story\/2016\/09\/donald-trump-twitter-army-228923. (Accessed on 04\/15\/2022).  2016. Inside Trump\u2019s \u2019cyborg\u2019 Twitter army. https:\/\/www.politico.com\/story\/2016\/09\/donald-trump-twitter-army-228923. (Accessed on 04\/15\/2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","unstructured":"2021. Internet users in the world 2021 | Statista. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/617136\/digital-population-worldwide\/. (Accessed on 04\/16\/2022).  2021. Internet users in the world 2021 | Statista. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/617136\/digital-population-worldwide\/. (Accessed on 04\/16\/2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","unstructured":"2022. Fake news from Ukraine: 7 steps to identify misinformation and disinformation. https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/culture\/tv-radio-web\/fake-news-from-ukraine-7-steps-to-identify-misinformation-and-disinformation-1.4822317. (Accessed on 04\/15\/2022).  2022. Fake news from Ukraine: 7 steps to identify misinformation and disinformation. https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/culture\/tv-radio-web\/fake-news-from-ukraine-7-steps-to-identify-misinformation-and-disinformation-1.4822317. (Accessed on 04\/15\/2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","unstructured":"2022. NCRI Insights Report. https:\/\/networkcontagion.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/NCRI-Insights-SitRep-March-2022.pdf. (Accessed on 04\/15\/2022).  2022. NCRI Insights Report. https:\/\/networkcontagion.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/NCRI-Insights-SitRep-March-2022.pdf. (Accessed on 04\/15\/2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","unstructured":"2022. Social media platforms on the defensive as Russian-based disinformation about Ukraine spreads - POLITICO. https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2022\/02\/24\/social-media-platforms-russia-ukraine-disinformation-00011559. (Accessed on 04\/15\/2022).  2022. Social media platforms on the defensive as Russian-based disinformation about Ukraine spreads - POLITICO. https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2022\/02\/24\/social-media-platforms-russia-ukraine-disinformation-00011559. (Accessed on 04\/15\/2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","unstructured":"2022. War in Ukraine. https:\/\/edmo.eu\/2022\/02\/28\/war-in-ukraine-the-fact-checked-disinformation-detected-in-the-eu\/. (Accessed on 04\/16\/2022).  2022. War in Ukraine. https:\/\/edmo.eu\/2022\/02\/28\/war-in-ukraine-the-fact-checked-disinformation-detected-in-the-eu\/. (Accessed on 04\/16\/2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","volume-title":"The weaponization of social media: Spear phishing and cyberattacks on democracy. Journal of international affairs 71","author":"Bossetta Michael","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michael Bossetta . 2018. The weaponization of social media: Spear phishing and cyberattacks on democracy. Journal of international affairs 71 ( 2018 ). Michael Bossetta. 2018. The weaponization of social media: Spear phishing and cyberattacks on democracy. Journal of international affairs 71 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"Analyzing Islamophobia on Twitter During the COVID-19 Outbreak. In 32nd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media. 67\u201377","author":"Chandra Mohit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohit Chandra , Manvith Reddy , Shradha Sehgal , Saurabh Gupta , Arun\u00a0Balaji Buduru , and Ponnurangam Kumaraguru . 2021 . \u201d A Virus Has No Religion \u201d: Analyzing Islamophobia on Twitter During the COVID-19 Outbreak. In 32nd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media. 67\u201377 . Mohit Chandra, Manvith Reddy, Shradha Sehgal, Saurabh Gupta, Arun\u00a0Balaji Buduru, and Ponnurangam Kumaraguru. 2021. \u201d A Virus Has No Religion\u201d: Analyzing Islamophobia on Twitter During the COVID-19 Outbreak. In 32nd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media. 67\u201377."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1329878X1314900105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"Alessandro Galeazzi, Walter Quattrociocchi, and Michele Starnini.","author":"Cinelli Matteo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matteo Cinelli , Gianmarco De\u00a0Francisci Morales , Alessandro Galeazzi, Walter Quattrociocchi, and Michele Starnini. 2021 . The echo chamber effect on social media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, 9 (2021). Matteo Cinelli, Gianmarco De\u00a0Francisci Morales, Alessandro Galeazzi, Walter Quattrociocchi, and Michele Starnini. 2021. The echo chamber effect on social media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, 9 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"The Role of Social Media in Russia\u2019s War on Ukraine. Available at SSRN","author":"Ciuriak Dan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dan Ciuriak . 2022. The Role of Social Media in Russia\u2019s War on Ukraine. Available at SSRN ( 2022 ). Dan Ciuriak. 2022. The Role of Social Media in Russia\u2019s War on Ukraine. Available at SSRN (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Those on ideological right favor fewer COVID-19 restrictions in most advanced economies","author":"Connaughton A","year":"2021","unstructured":"A Connaughton . 2021. Those on ideological right favor fewer COVID-19 restrictions in most advanced economies . Pew Research Center ( 2021 ). A Connaughton. 2021. Those on ideological right favor fewer COVID-19 restrictions in most advanced economies. Pew Research Center (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"2016 international conference on big data and smart computing (BigComp). IEEE, 415\u2013418","author":"Do Hyo\u00a0Jin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hyo\u00a0Jin Do , Chae-Gyun Lim , You\u00a0Jin Kim , and Ho-Jin Choi . 2016 . Analyzing emotions in twitter during a crisis: A case study of the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in Korea . In 2016 international conference on big data and smart computing (BigComp). IEEE, 415\u2013418 . Hyo\u00a0Jin Do, Chae-Gyun Lim, You\u00a0Jin Kim, and Ho-Jin Choi. 2016. Analyzing emotions in twitter during a crisis: A case study of the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in Korea. In 2016 international conference on big data and smart computing (BigComp). IEEE, 415\u2013418."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2390131.2390142"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"Burst of the filter bubble? Effects of personalization on the diversity of Google News. Digital journalism 6, 3","author":"Haim Mario","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mario Haim , Andreas Graefe , and Hans-Bernd Brosius . 2018. Burst of the filter bubble? Effects of personalization on the diversity of Google News. Digital journalism 6, 3 ( 2018 ), 330\u2013343. Mario Haim, Andreas Graefe, and Hans-Bernd Brosius. 2018. Burst of the filter bubble? Effects of personalization on the diversity of Google News. Digital journalism 6, 3 (2018), 330\u2013343."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3034983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","unstructured":"Ehsan-Ul Haq Tristan Braud Yui-Pan Yau Lik-Hang Lee Franziska\u00a0B Keller and Pan Hui. 2022. Screenshots Symbols and Personal Thoughts: The Role of Instagram for Social Activism. (2022).  Ehsan-Ul Haq Tristan Braud Yui-Pan Yau Lik-Hang Lee Franziska\u00a0B Keller and Pan Hui. 2022. Screenshots Symbols and Personal Thoughts: The Role of Instagram for Social Activism. (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","unstructured":"Ehsan-Ul Haq Gareth Tyson Lik-Hang Lee Tristan Braud and Pan Hui. 2022. Twitter dataset for 2022 russo-ukrainian crisis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.02955(2022).  Ehsan-Ul Haq Gareth Tyson Lik-Hang Lee Tristan Braud and Pan Hui. 2022. Twitter dataset for 2022 russo-ukrainian crisis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.02955(2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2025334119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3465336.3475097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372923.3404794"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Vol.\u00a011","author":"Keller Franziska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Franziska Keller , David Schoch , Sebastian Stier , and JungHwan Yang . 2017 . How to manipulate social media: Analyzing political astroturfing using ground truth data from South Korea . In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Vol.\u00a011 . 564\u2013567. Franziska Keller, David Schoch, Sebastian Stier, and JungHwan Yang. 2017. How to manipulate social media: Analyzing political astroturfing using ground truth data from South Korea. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Vol.\u00a011. 564\u2013567."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998321"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3512953"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David\u00a0Gunnarsson Lorentzen. 2014. Polarisation in political Twitter conversations. Aslib Journal of Information Management(2014).  David\u00a0Gunnarsson Lorentzen. 2014. Polarisation in political Twitter conversations. Aslib Journal of Information Management(2014).","DOI":"10.1108\/AJIM-09-2013-0086"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1964858.1964869"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","unstructured":"Carl Miller. 2022. Stop Saying Ukraine Is Winning the Information War - The Atlantic. https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ideas\/archive\/2022\/04\/russian-propaganda-zelensky-information-war\/629475\/. (Accessed on 04\/15\/2022).  Carl Miller. 2022. Stop Saying Ukraine Is Winning the Information War - The Atlantic. https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ideas\/archive\/2022\/04\/russian-propaganda-zelensky-information-war\/629475\/. (Accessed on 04\/15\/2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","volume-title":"Information warfare in the age of cyber conflict","author":"Prier Jarred","unstructured":"Jarred Prier . 2020. Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare . In Information warfare in the age of cyber conflict . Routledge . Jarred Prier. 2020. Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare. In Information warfare in the age of cyber conflict. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","volume-title":"The Twitter pandemic: The critical role of Twitter in the dissemination of medical information and misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Canadian journal of emergency medicine 22, 4","author":"Rosenberg Hans","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hans Rosenberg , Shahbaz Syed , and Salim Rezaie . 2020. The Twitter pandemic: The critical role of Twitter in the dissemination of medical information and misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Canadian journal of emergency medicine 22, 4 ( 2020 ), 418\u2013421. Hans Rosenberg, Shahbaz Syed, and Salim Rezaie. 2020. The Twitter pandemic: The critical role of Twitter in the dissemination of medical information and misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Canadian journal of emergency medicine 22, 4 (2020), 418\u2013421."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","first-page":"560","article-title":"Providing relevant notifications based on common interests between friends in a social networking system","volume":"8","author":"Tseng Erick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Erick Tseng . 2013 . Providing relevant notifications based on common interests between friends in a social networking system . US Patent 8 , 560 ,678. Erick Tseng. 2013. Providing relevant notifications based on common interests between friends in a social networking system. US Patent 8,560,678.","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","volume-title":"The spread of true and false news online. Science 359, 6380","author":"Vosoughi Soroush","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soroush Vosoughi , Deb Roy , and Sinan Aral . 2018. The spread of true and false news online. Science 359, 6380 ( 2018 ), 1146\u20131151. Soroush Vosoughi, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. 2018. The spread of true and false news online. Science 359, 6380 (2018), 1146\u20131151."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2382616.2382620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM49781.2020.9381309"}],"event":{"name":"HT '22: 33rd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media","location":"Barcelona Spain","acronym":"HT '22","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web","SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 33rd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3511095.3536372","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3511095.3536372","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:11:58Z","timestamp":1750191118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3511095.3536372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3511095.3536372","10.1145\/3511095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3511095.3536372","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}