{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T06:16:02Z","timestamp":1775283362797,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":43,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3511808.3557267","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]],"date-time":"2022-10-16T01:29:57Z","timestamp":1665883797000},"page":"925-934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Contrastive Representation Learning for Conversational Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Endri","family":"Kacupaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuldeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zerotha Research and Cerence GmbH, Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Maleshkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amazon and InfAI (Institute for Applied Informatics), Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"More Accurate Question Answering on Freebase","author":"Bast Hannah","unstructured":"Hannah Bast and Elmar Haussmann . 2015. More Accurate Question Answering on Freebase . In CIKM. Association for Computing Machinery , 1431--1440. Hannah Bast and Elmar Haussmann. 2015. More Accurate Question Answering on Freebase. In CIKM. Association for Computing Machinery, 1431--1440."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3449917"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Md Rashad Al Hasan Rony, and Jens Lehmann","author":"Biswas Debanjali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Debanjali Biswas , Mohnish Dubey , Md Rashad Al Hasan Rony, and Jens Lehmann . 2020 . VANiLLa: Verbalised ANswers in Natural Language at Large scale. (2020). Debanjali Biswas, Mohnish Dubey, Md Rashad Al Hasan Rony, and Jens Lehmann. 2020. VANiLLa: Verbalised ANswers in Natural Language at Large scale. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01264-9_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","first-page":"9912","article-title":"Unsupervised learning of visual features by contrasting cluster assignments","volume":"33","author":"Caron Mathilde","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mathilde Caron , Ishan Misra , Julien Mairal , Priya Goyal , Piotr Bojanowski , and Armand Joulin . 2020 . Unsupervised learning of visual features by contrasting cluster assignments . Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , Vol. 33 (2020), 9912 -- 9924 . Mathilde Caron, Ishan Misra, Julien Mairal, Priya Goyal, Piotr Bojanowski, and Armand Joulin. 2020. Unsupervised learning of visual features by contrasting cluster assignments. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 33 (2020), 9912--9924.","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3459637.3482438"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3450127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing. 827--832","author":"Chiticariu Laura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Laura Chiticariu , Yunyao Li , and Frederick Reiss . 2013 . Rule-based information extraction is dead! long live rule-based information extraction systems! . In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing. 827--832 . Laura Chiticariu, Yunyao Li, and Frederick Reiss. 2013. Rule-based information extraction is dead! long live rule-based information extraction systems!. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing. 827--832."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3357384.3358016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","volume":"1","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin , Ming-Wei Chang , Kenton Lee , and Kristina Toutanova . 2019 . BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding . In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies , Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, 4171--4186. Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019. BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, 4171--4186."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-017-1100-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Timothy F Doyle. 2007. The role of context in meaning and understanding. Ph. D. Dissertation. Universitaet Potsdam.  Timothy F Doyle. 2007. The role of context in meaning and understanding. Ph. D. Dissertation. Universitaet Potsdam."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2505515.2505682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Towards Unsupervised Dense Information Retrieval with Contrastive Learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.09118","author":"Izacard Gautier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gautier Izacard , Mathilde Caron , Lucas Hosseini , Sebastian Riedel , Piotr Bojanowski , Armand Joulin , and Edouard Grave . 2021. Towards Unsupervised Dense Information Retrieval with Contrastive Learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.09118 ( 2021 ). Gautier Izacard, Mathilde Caron, Lucas Hosseini, Sebastian Riedel, Piotr Bojanowski, Armand Joulin, and Edouard Grave. 2021. Towards Unsupervised Dense Information Retrieval with Contrastive Learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.09118 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"The Semantic Web","author":"Kacupaj Endri","unstructured":"Endri Kacupaj , Barshana Banerjee , Kuldeep Singh , and Jens Lehmann . 2021a. ParaQA: A Question Answering Dataset with Paraphrase Responses for Single-Turn Conversation . In The Semantic Web . Springer International Publishing , Cham , 598--613. Endri Kacupaj, Barshana Banerjee, Kuldeep Singh, and Jens Lehmann. 2021a. ParaQA: A Question Answering Dataset with Paraphrase Responses for Single-Turn Conversation. In The Semantic Web. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 598--613."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.eacl-main.72"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"VOGUE: Answer Verbalization Through Multi-Task Learning. In Joint European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases. Springer, 563--579","author":"Kacupaj Endri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Endri Kacupaj , Shyamnath Premnadh , Kuldeep Singh , Jens Lehmann , and Maria Maleshkova . 2021 c. VOGUE: Answer Verbalization Through Multi-Task Learning. In Joint European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases. Springer, 563--579 . Endri Kacupaj, Shyamnath Premnadh, Kuldeep Singh, Jens Lehmann, and Maria Maleshkova. 2021c. VOGUE: Answer Verbalization Through Multi-Task Learning. In Joint European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases. Springer, 563--579."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49461-2_31"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3462859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Benno Stein, and Matthias Hagen.","author":"Kiesel Johannes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johannes Kiesel , Xiaoni Cai , Roxanne El Baff , Benno Stein, and Matthias Hagen. 2021 . Toward Conversational Query Reformulation. In DESIRES. Johannes Kiesel, Xiaoni Cai, Roxanne El Baff, Benno Stein, and Matthias Hagen. 2021. Toward Conversational Query Reformulation. In DESIRES."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/611"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.703"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"The Role of Context in Question Answering. In INTERACT","volume":"3","author":"Lin Jimmy J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jimmy J Lin , Dennis Quan , Vineet Sinha , Karun Bakshi , David Huynh , Boris Katz , and David R Karger . 2003 . What Makes a Good Answer ? The Role of Context in Question Answering. In INTERACT , Vol. 3 . Citeseer, 25--32. Jimmy J Lin, Dennis Quan, Vineet Sinha, Karun Bakshi, David Huynh, Boris Katz, and David R Karger. 2003. What Makes a Good Answer? The Role of Context in Question Answering. In INTERACT, Vol. 3. Citeseer, 25--32."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization. In International Conference on Learning Representations.","author":"Loshchilov Ilya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter . 2019 . Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization. In International Conference on Learning Representations. Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter. 2019. Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization. In International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30793-6_28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.695"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1147"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"The effects of cognitive load on query reformulation: mental demand, temporal demand and frustration. Aslib Journal of Information Management","author":"Kyoungsik Na.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kyoungsik Na. 2021. The effects of cognitive load on query reformulation: mental demand, temporal demand and frustration. Aslib Journal of Information Management ( 2021 ). Kyoungsik Na. 2021. The effects of cognitive load on query reformulation: mental demand, temporal demand and frustration. Aslib Journal of Information Management (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"The Semantic Web","author":"Plepi Joan","unstructured":"Joan Plepi , Endri Kacupaj , Kuldeep Singh , Harsh Thakkar , and Jens Lehmann . 2021. Context Transformer with Stacked Pointer Networks for Conversational Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs . In The Semantic Web . Springer International Publishing , 356--371. Joan Plepi, Endri Kacupaj, Kuldeep Singh, Harsh Thakkar, and Jens Lehmann. 2021. Context Transformer with Stacked Pointer Networks for Conversational Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs. In The Semantic Web. Springer International Publishing, 356--371."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 8748--8763","author":"Radford Alec","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alec Radford , Jong Wook Kim , Chris Hallacy , Aditya Ramesh , Gabriel Goh , Sandhini Agarwal , Girish Sastry , Amanda Askell , Pamela Mishkin , Jack Clark , 2021 . Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision . In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 8748--8763 . Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, et al. 2021. Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision. In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 8748--8763."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Better language models and their implications. OpenAI Blog https:\/\/openai. com\/blog\/better-language-models","author":"Radford Alec","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alec Radford , Jeffrey Wu , Dario Amodei , Daniela Amodei , Jack Clark , Miles Brundage , and Ilya Sutskever . 2019a. Better language models and their implications. OpenAI Blog https:\/\/openai. com\/blog\/better-language-models , Vol. 1 ( 2019 ), 2. Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Dario Amodei, Daniela Amodei, Jack Clark, Miles Brundage, and Ilya Sutskever. 2019a. Better language models and their implications. OpenAI Blog https:\/\/openai. com\/blog\/better-language-models, Vol. 1 (2019), 2."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Alec Radford Jeff Wu Rewon Child David Luan Dario Amodei and Ilya Sutskever. 2019b. Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners. (2019).  Alec Radford Jeff Wu Rewon Child David Luan Dario Amodei and Ilya Sutskever. 2019b. Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11332"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3016387.3016435"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao Shen Xiubo Geng Tao Qin Daya Guo Duyu Tang Nan Duan Guodong Long and Daxin Jiang. 2019. Multi-Task Learning for Conversational Question Answering over a Large-Scale Knowledge Base. In EMNLP). 2442--2451.  Tao Shen Xiubo Geng Tao Qin Daya Guo Duyu Tang Nan Duan Guodong Long and Daxin Jiang. 2019. Multi-Task Learning for Conversational Question Answering over a Large-Scale Knowledge Base. In EMNLP). 2442--2451.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1248"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3178876.3186023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Pointer Networks. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems -","volume":"2","author":"Vinyals Oriol","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oriol Vinyals , Meire Fortunato , and Navdeep Jaitly . 2015 . Pointer Networks. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems - Volume 2 . MIT Press, 2692--2700. Oriol Vinyals, Meire Fortunato, and Navdeep Jaitly. 2015. Pointer Networks. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems - Volume 2. MIT Press, 2692--2700."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Semantic Parsing via Staged Query Graph Generation: Question Answering with Knowledge Base","author":"Chang Ming-Wei","unstructured":"Wen-tau Yih, Ming-Wei Chang , Xiaodong He , and Jianfeng Gao . 2015. Semantic Parsing via Staged Query Graph Generation: Question Answering with Knowledge Base . In ACL. Association for Computational Linguistics , 1321--1331. Wen-tau Yih, Ming-Wei Chang, Xiaodong He, and Jianfeng Gao. 2015. Semantic Parsing via Staged Query Graph Generation: Question Answering with Knowledge Base. In ACL. Association for Computational Linguistics, 1321--1331."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Quan Z Sheng, Adnan Mahmood, and Yang Zhang.","author":"Zaib Munazza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Munazza Zaib , Wei Emma Zhang , Quan Z Sheng, Adnan Mahmood, and Yang Zhang. 2021 . Conversational Question Answering: A Survey . arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.00874 (2021). Munazza Zaib, Wei Emma Zhang, Quan Z Sheng, Adnan Mahmood, and Yang Zhang. 2021. Conversational Question Answering: A Survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.00874 (2021)."}],"event":{"name":"CIKM '22: The 31st ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","location":"Atlanta GA USA","acronym":"CIKM '22","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web","SIGIR ACM Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3511808.3557267","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3511808.3557267","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T17:49:28Z","timestamp":1750182568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3511808.3557267"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3511808.3557267","10.1145\/3511808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3511808.3557267","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}