{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:55:41Z","timestamp":1776110141551,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-20-S-B001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-20-S-B001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>When members of ad-hoc virtual teams need to collectively ideate or deliberate, they often fail to engage with each others' perspectives in a constructive manner. At best, this leads to sub-optimal outcomes, and, at worst, it can cause conflicts that lead to teams not wanting to continue working together. Prior work has attempted to facilitate constructive communication by highlighting problematic communication patterns and nudging teams to alter their interaction norms. However, these approaches achieve limited success because they fail to acknowledge two social barriers: (1) it is hard to reset team norms mid-interaction, and (2) corrective nudges have limited utility unless team members believe it is safe to voice their opinion and that their opinion will be heard. This paper introduces Empathosphere, a chat-embedded intervention to mitigate these barriers and foster constructive communication in teams. To mitigate the first barrier, Empathosphere leverages the known benefits of \"experimental spaces\" in dampening existing norms and creating a climate conducive to change. Empathosphere instantiates this \"space'' as a separate communication channel in a team's workspace. To mitigate the second barrier, Empathosphere harnesses the benefits of perspective-taking to cultivate a group climate that promotes a norm of members speaking up and engaging with each other. Empathosphere achieves this by orchestrating authentic socio-emotional exchanges designed to induce perspective-taking. A controlled study ($N=110$) compared Empathosphere to an alternate intervention strategy of prompting teams to reflect on their team experience. We found that Empathosphere led to higher work satisfaction, encouraged more open communication and feedback within teams, and boosted teams' desire to continue working together. This work demonstrates that \"experimental spaces,\" particularly those that integrate methods of encouraging perspective-taking, can be a powerful means of improving communication in virtual teams.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3512902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T16:54:59Z","timestamp":1649350499000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Empathosphere: Promoting Constructive Communication in Ad-hoc Virtual Teams through Perspective-taking Spaces"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Pranav","family":"Khadpe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}]},{"given":"Chinmay","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}]},{"given":"Geoff","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Discord Loves Open Source. https:\/\/discord.com\/open-source.  [n.d.]. Discord Loves Open Source. https:\/\/discord.com\/open-source."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Pokemon Go. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pok%C3%A9mon_Go.  [n.d.]. Pokemon Go. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pok%C3%A9mon_Go."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Wikipedia:IRC. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:IRC.  [n.d.]. Wikipedia:IRC. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:IRC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Teaching smart people how to learn. Harvard business review","author":"Argyris Chris","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chris Argyris . 1991. Teaching smart people how to learn. Harvard business review , Vol. 69 , 3 ( 1991 ). Chris Argyris. 1991. Teaching smart people how to learn. Harvard business review, Vol. 69, 3 (1991)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Simultaneous analysis of verbal and nonverbal data during conversation: symmetry and turn-taking","author":"Ashenfelter Kathleen T","unstructured":"Kathleen T Ashenfelter . 2007. Simultaneous analysis of verbal and nonverbal data during conversation: symmetry and turn-taking . University of Notre Dame . Kathleen T Ashenfelter. 2007. Simultaneous analysis of verbal and nonverbal data during conversation: symmetry and turn-taking .University of Notre Dame."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"The role of gender in team collaboration and performance. Interdisciplinary science reviews","author":"Bear Julia B","year":"2011","unstructured":"Julia B Bear and Anita Williams Woolley . 2011. The role of gender in team collaboration and performance. Interdisciplinary science reviews , Vol. 36 , 2 ( 2011 ), 146--153. Julia B Bear and Anita Williams Woolley. 2011. The role of gender in team collaboration and performance. Interdisciplinary science reviews, Vol. 36, 2 (2011), 146--153."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-012-9185-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2041386611405876"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"An inside view of IBM's' Innovation Jam'. MIT Sloan management review","author":"Bjelland Osvald M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Osvald M Bjelland and Robert Chapman Wood . 2008. An inside view of IBM's' Innovation Jam'. MIT Sloan management review , Vol. 50 , 1 ( 2008 ), 32. Osvald M Bjelland and Robert Chapman Wood. 2008. An inside view of IBM's' Innovation Jam'. MIT Sloan management review, Vol. 50, 1 (2008), 32."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1046496403034003004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1099203.1099205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2015.1041"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785830.2785844"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Lydia Stone, N'godjigui Junior Diarrassouba, Mark E Whiting, and Michael S Bernstein.","author":"Cao Hancheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hancheng Cao , Vivian Yang , Victor Chen , Yu Jin Lee , Lydia Stone, N'godjigui Junior Diarrassouba, Mark E Whiting, and Michael S Bernstein. 2021 . My Team Will Go On: Differentiating High and Low Viability Teams through Team Interaction. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 4 , CSCW 3 (2021), 1--27. Hancheng Cao, Vivian Yang, Victor Chen, Yu Jin Lee, Lydia Stone, N'godjigui Junior Diarrassouba, Mark E Whiting, and Michael S Bernstein. 2021. My Team Will Go On: Differentiating High and Low Viability Teams through Team Interaction. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 4, CSCW3 (2021), 1--27."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726714550256"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2851581.2892410"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300844"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Does stress lead to a loss of team perspective? Group dynamics: Theory, research, and practice","author":"Driskell James E","year":"1999","unstructured":"James E Driskell , Eduardo Salas , and Joan Johnston . 1999. Does stress lead to a loss of team perspective? Group dynamics: Theory, research, and practice , Vol. 3 , 4 ( 1999 ), 291. James E Driskell, Eduardo Salas, and Joan Johnston. 1999. Does stress lead to a loss of team perspective? Group dynamics: Theory, research, and practice, Vol. 3, 4 (1999), 291."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice","author":"Einarsen Stale","unstructured":"Stale Einarsen , Helge Hoel , and Cary Cooper . 2002. Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice . CRC press . Stale Einarsen, Helge Hoel, and Cary Cooper. 2002. Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice .CRC press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753502"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/358916.359001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.252.5013.1604"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/44.393044"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Interstitial spaces: Microinteraction settings and the genesis of new practices between institutional fields","author":"Furnari Santi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Santi Furnari . 2014. Interstitial spaces: Microinteraction settings and the genesis of new practices between institutional fields . Academy of management review, Vol. 39 , 4 ( 2014 ), 439--462. Santi Furnari. 2014. Interstitial spaces: Microinteraction settings and the genesis of new practices between institutional fields. Academy of management review, Vol. 39, 4 (2014), 439--462."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Roberta M Hall and Bernice R Sandler. 1982. The Classroom Climate: A Chilly One for Women?. (1982).  Roberta M Hall and Bernice R Sandler. 1982. The Classroom Climate: A Chilly One for Women?. (1982)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1060.0200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.46.4.788"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025758"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3134686"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Catherine Hill Christianne Corbett and Andresse St Rose. 2010. Why so few? Women in science technology engineering and mathematics. ERIC.  Catherine Hill Christianne Corbett and Andresse St Rose. 2010. Why so few? Women in science technology engineering and mathematics. ERIC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"2003 a. Out of sight, out of sync: Understanding conflict in distributed teams","author":"Hinds Pamela J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pamela J Hinds and Diane E Bailey . 2003 a. Out of sight, out of sync: Understanding conflict in distributed teams . Organization science, Vol. 14 , 6 ( 2003 ), 615--632. Pamela J Hinds and Diane E Bailey. 2003 a. Out of sight, out of sync: Understanding conflict in distributed teams. Organization science, Vol. 14, 6 (2003), 615--632."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.14.6.615.24872"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550610379921"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206307308587"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049682"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3242969.3242978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance","author":"Jehn Karen A","year":"2001","unstructured":"Karen A Jehn and Elizabeth A Mannix . 2001. The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance . Academy of management journal, Vol. 44 , 2 ( 2001 ), 238--251. Karen A Jehn and Elizabeth A Mannix. 2001. The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance. Academy of management journal, Vol. 44, 2 (2001), 238--251."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2499474.2499481"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696460"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"StarryThoughts: Facilitating Diverse Opinion Exploration on Social Issues. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","volume":"5","author":"Kim Hyunwoo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hyunwoo Kim , Haesoo Kim , Kyung Je Jo , and Juho Kim . 2021 b . StarryThoughts: Facilitating Diverse Opinion Exploration on Social Issues. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction , Vol. 5 , CSCW1 (2021), 1--29. Hyunwoo Kim, Haesoo Kim, Kyung Je Jo, and Juho Kim. 2021 b. StarryThoughts: Facilitating Diverse Opinion Exploration on Social Issues. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 5, CSCW1 (2021), 1--29."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376785"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Moderator Chatbot for Deliberative Discussion: Effects of Discussion Structure and Discussant Facilitation. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","volume":"5","author":"Kim Soomin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soomin Kim , Jinsu Eun , Joseph Seering , and Joonhwan Lee . 2021 a . Moderator Chatbot for Deliberative Discussion: Effects of Discussion Structure and Discussant Facilitation. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction , Vol. 5 , CSCW1 (2021), 1--26. Soomin Kim, Jinsu Eun, Joseph Seering, and Joonhwan Lee. 2021 a. Moderator Chatbot for Deliberative Discussion: Effects of Discussion Structure and Discussant Facilitation. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 5, CSCW1 (2021), 1--26."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2145204.2145391"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240698"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2145204.2145249"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Amy Lee. [n.d.]. Situationist App Lets Strangers Do Random Things With You. https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/situationist-app_n_835594 .  Amy Lee. [n.d.]. Situationist App Lets Strangers Do Random Things With You. https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/situationist-app_n_835594 ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1142405.1142414"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2016.0685"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Emotion and decision making. Annual review of psychology","author":"Lerner Jennifer S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jennifer S Lerner , Ye Li , Piercarlo Valdesolo , and Karim S Kassam . 2015. Emotion and decision making. Annual review of psychology , Vol. 66 ( 2015 ). Jennifer S Lerner, Ye Li, Piercarlo Valdesolo, and Karim S Kassam. 2015. Emotion and decision making. Annual review of psychology, Vol. 66 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1316624.1316655"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518784"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Supporting social interactions with an expressive heart rate sharing application","volume":"1","author":"Liu Fannie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fannie Liu , Laura Dabbish , and Geoff Kaufman . 2017 . Supporting social interactions with an expressive heart rate sharing application . Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies , Vol. 1 , 3 (2017), 1 -- 26 . Fannie Liu, Laura Dabbish, and Geoff Kaufman. 2017. Supporting social interactions with an expressive heart rate sharing application. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, Vol. 1, 3 (2017), 1--26.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818048.2819979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998322"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Workshops at the Twenty-Sixth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence .","author":"Mao Andrew","year":"2012","unstructured":"Andrew Mao , Yiling Chen , Krzysztof Z Gajos , David C Parkes , Ariel D Procaccia , and Haoqi Zhang . 2012 . Turkserver: Enabling synchronous and longitudinal online experiments . In Workshops at the Twenty-Sixth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence . Andrew Mao, Yiling Chen, Krzysztof Z Gajos, David C Parkes, Ariel D Procaccia, and Haoqi Zhang. 2012. Turkserver: Enabling synchronous and longitudinal online experiments. In Workshops at the Twenty-Sixth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/259182"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Groups: Interaction and performance.","author":"McGrath Joseph Edward","year":"1984","unstructured":"Joseph Edward McGrath . 1984 . Groups: Interaction and performance. Vol. 14 . Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs , NJ. Joseph Edward McGrath. 1984. Groups: Interaction and performance. Vol. 14. Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2018.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/259200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020744"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3172944.3172969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Distance matters. Human-computer interaction","author":"Olson Gary M","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gary M Olson and Judith S Olson . 2000. Distance matters. Human-computer interaction , Vol. 15 , 2--3 ( 2000 ), 139--178. Gary M Olson and Judith S Olson. 2000. Distance matters. Human-computer interaction, Vol. 15, 2--3 (2000), 139--178."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397481.3450637"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Linguistic inquiry and word count: LIWC","author":"Pennebaker James W","year":"2001","unstructured":"James W Pennebaker , Martha E Francis , and Roger J Booth . 2001. Linguistic inquiry and word count: LIWC 2001 . Mahway : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Vol. 71 , 2001 (2001), 2001. James W Pennebaker, Martha E Francis, and Roger J Booth. 2001. Linguistic inquiry and word count: LIWC 2001. Mahway: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Vol. 71, 2001 (2001), 2001."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMR.2003.24935"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3415240"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2642918.2647409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","unstructured":"Mike Rose. [n.d.]. No Comment: Inneract provides antidote to restrictive social norms. https:\/\/www.engadget.com\/2011-05-05-no-comment-inneract-provides-antidote-to-restrictive-social-nor.html .  Mike Rose. [n.d.]. No Comment: Inneract provides antidote to restrictive social norms. https:\/\/www.engadget.com\/2011-05-05-no-comment-inneract-provides-antidote-to-restrictive-social-nor.html ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274420"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998300"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"Pedagogy and the classroom. The Chilly Classroom Climate: A Guide to Improve the Education of Women","author":"Sandler BR","year":"1996","unstructured":"BR Sandler , LA Silverberg , and RM Hall . 1996. Pedagogy and the classroom. The Chilly Classroom Climate: A Guide to Improve the Education of Women . The National Association for Women in Education, Washington, DC ( 1996 ), 37--47. BR Sandler, LA Silverberg, and RM Hall. 1996. Pedagogy and the classroom. The Chilly Classroom Climate: A Guide to Improve the Education of Women. The National Association for Women in Education, Washington, DC (1996), 37--47."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274423"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0021886396321007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Ten simple rules for helping newcomers become contributors to open projects. PLoS computational biology","author":"Sholler Dan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dan Sholler , Igor Steinmacher , Denae Ford , Mara Averick , Mike Hoye , and Greg Wilson . 2019. Ten simple rules for helping newcomers become contributors to open projects. PLoS computational biology , Vol. 15 , 9 ( 2019 ), e1007296. Dan Sholler, Igor Steinmacher, Denae Ford, Mara Averick, Mike Hoye, and Greg Wilson. 2019. Ten simple rules for helping newcomers become contributors to open projects. PLoS computational biology, Vol. 15, 9 (2019), e1007296."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Footrule for measuring correlation","volume":"2","author":"Spearman Charles","year":"1906","unstructured":"Charles Spearman . 1906 . Footrule for measuring correlation . British Journal of Psychology , Vol. 2 , 1 (1906), 89 . Charles Spearman. 1906. Footrule for measuring correlation. British Journal of Psychology, Vol. 2, 1 (1906), 89.","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359296"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IV.2002.1028751"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2006.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhe.2013.0036"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470720"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological bulletin","author":"Tuckman Bruce W","year":"1965","unstructured":"Bruce W Tuckman . 1965. Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological bulletin , Vol. 63 , 6 ( 1965 ), 384. Bruce W Tuckman. 1965. Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological bulletin, Vol. 63, 6 (1965), 384."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3126594.3126648"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025811"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","first-page":"345","article-title":"Thinking before posting?","volume":"66","author":"Royen Kathleen Van","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kathleen Van Royen , Karolien Poels , Heidi Vandebosch , and Philippe Adam . 2017 . \" Thinking before posting? \" Reducing cyber harassment on social networking sites through a reflective message. Computers in Human Behavior , Vol. 66 (2017), 345 -- 352 . Kathleen Van Royen, Karolien Poels, Heidi Vandebosch, and Philippe Adam. 2017. \"Thinking before posting?\" Reducing cyber harassment on social networking sites through a reflective message. Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 66 (2017), 345--352.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/302979.302981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300572"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/985921.986016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","volume-title":"Using a GDSS to facilitate group consensus: Some intended and unintended consequences. Mis Quarterly","author":"Watson Richard T","year":"1988","unstructured":"Richard T Watson , Gerardine DeSanctis , and Marshall Scott Poole . 1988. Using a GDSS to facilitate group consensus: Some intended and unintended consequences. Mis Quarterly ( 1988 ), 463--478. Richard T Watson, Gerardine DeSanctis, and Marshall Scott Poole. 1988. Using a GDSS to facilitate group consensus: Some intended and unintended consequences. Mis Quarterly (1988), 463--478."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359311"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","volume-title":"Tonya Nguyen, and Michael S Bernstein.","author":"Whiting Mark E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mark E Whiting , Irena Gao , Michelle Xing , N'godjigui Junior Diarrassouba , Tonya Nguyen, and Michael S Bernstein. 2020 . Parallel worlds: Repeated initializations of the same team to improve team viability. proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 4 , CSCW 1 (2020), 1--22. Mark E Whiting, Irena Gao, Michelle Xing, N'godjigui Junior Diarrassouba, Tonya Nguyen, and Michael S Bernstein. 2020. Parallel worlds: Repeated initializations of the same team to improve team viability. proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 4, CSCW1 (2020), 1--22."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441880"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","volume-title":"Empathy: a motivated account. Psychological bulletin","author":"Zaki Jamil","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jamil Zaki . 2014. Empathy: a motivated account. Psychological bulletin , Vol. 140 , 6 ( 2014 ), 1608. Jamil Zaki. 2014. Empathy: a motivated account. Psychological bulletin, Vol. 140, 6 (2014), 1608."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998235"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173682"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","volume-title":"Institutional work in the transformation of an organizational field: The interplay of boundary work and practice work. Administrative science quarterly","author":"Zietsma Charlene","year":"2010","unstructured":"Charlene Zietsma and Thomas B Lawrence . 2010. Institutional work in the transformation of an organizational field: The interplay of boundary work and practice work. Administrative science quarterly , Vol. 55 , 2 ( 2010 ), 189--221. Charlene Zietsma and Thomas B Lawrence. 2010. Institutional work in the transformation of an organizational field: The interplay of boundary work and practice work. Administrative science quarterly, Vol. 55, 2 (2010), 189--221."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3512902","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3512902","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3512902","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:12:28Z","timestamp":1750191148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3512902"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3512902"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3512902","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-04-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}