{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T07:39:41Z","timestamp":1781077181386,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic greatly changed many people's daily lives. Because of the temporary closure of gyms and fitness centers, many people started to take group fitness classes online. The abrupt transition to synchronous online exercise brought lots of uncertainty and challenges to fitness instructors and participants. This study aims to understand how people teach and participate in live stream group fitness classes, the challenges they have encountered, and their practices to address these challenges. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 instructors and 14 participants who had experience teaching or taking live stream group fitness classes on Zoom during the pandemic. Our interviews showed that instructors saw teaching online as a new, more cognitively demanding experience than teaching in-person classes; they found limited resources to create a professional workout space, experienced stress and anxiety, had limited information and approaches to give participants feedback, and faced difficulties with rapport building. Participants found it hard to give real-time reactions while exercising far away from their laptops; they receive less customized instructions, and they have difficulty engaging in private chats. Despite the challenges, we envision CMC in exercise is an opportunity for new design and interactions. We propose design recommendations, including using smartwatches to give real-time reactions and smart garments to generate tactile feedback. Health and biometric data can be shared with instructors and other participants during exercise for safety purposes and to create social connections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3512918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T16:54:59Z","timestamp":1649350499000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["\"It's Great to Exercise Together on Zoom!\": Understanding the Practices and Challenges of Live Stream Group Fitness Classes"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jiajing","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan R.","family":"Fussell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Abad-Santos Alex","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alex Abad-Santos . 2020 . How we work out together now. Vox (September 2020) . Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.vox.com\/the-goods\/21431065\/online-workout-classes-barrys-aarmy-peloton Alex Abad-Santos. 2020. How we work out together now. Vox (September 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.vox.com\/the-goods\/21431065\/online-workout-classes-barrys-aarmy-peloton"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Using videoconferencing to deliver anatomy teaching to medical students on clinical placements. Translational Research in Anatomy 19 (jun","author":"Allsop Sarah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarah Allsop , Michael Hollifeld , Lucy Huppler , Daniel Baumgardt , Daisy Ryan , Martin van Eker , Michelle Spear , and Cathy Fuller . 2020. Using videoconferencing to deliver anatomy teaching to medical students on clinical placements. Translational Research in Anatomy 19 (jun 2020 ), 100059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.TRIA.2019.100059 10.1016\/J.TRIA.2019.100059 Sarah Allsop, Michael Hollifeld, Lucy Huppler, Daniel Baumgardt, Daisy Ryan, Martin van Eker, Michelle Spear, and Cathy Fuller. 2020. Using videoconferencing to deliver anatomy teaching to medical students on clinical placements. Translational Research in Anatomy 19 (jun 2020), 100059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.TRIA.2019.100059"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173225.3173243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"CNN. (April, 2020","author":"Benveniste Alexis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alexis Benveniste . 2020 . The $94 billion fitness industry is reinventing itself as Covid-19 spreads . CNN. (April, 2020 ). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2020\/04\/01\/business\/fitness-studios-coronavirus\/index.html Alexis Benveniste. 2020. The $94 billion fitness industry is reinventing itself as Covid-19 spreads. CNN. (April, 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2020\/04\/01\/business\/fitness-studios-coronavirus\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Inclusive Teaching Skills and Student Engagement in Physical Education. Frontiers in Education 0 (aug","author":"Bertills Karin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karin Bertills , Mats Granlund , and Lilly Augustine . 2019. Inclusive Teaching Skills and Student Engagement in Physical Education. Frontiers in Education 0 (aug 2019 ), 74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FEDUC.2019.00074 10.3389\/FEDUC.2019.00074 Karin Bertills, Mats Granlund, and Lilly Augustine. 2019. Inclusive Teaching Skills and Student Engagement in Physical Education. Frontiers in Education 0 (aug 2019), 74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FEDUC.2019.00074"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Besheer Margaret","year":"2020","unstructured":"Margaret Besheer . 2020 . WHO Chief Urges Investment, Preparation for Next Pandemic. VOA News. (December 2020) . Retrieved January 13, 2021 from https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/covid-19-pandemic\/who-chief-urges-investment-preparation-next-pandemic Margaret Besheer. 2020. WHO Chief Urges Investment, Preparation for Next Pandemic. VOA News. (December 2020). Retrieved January 13, 2021 from https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/covid-19-pandemic\/who-chief-urges-investment-preparation-next-pandemic"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.42.6.1042"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Coronavirus: Fitness instructor hails his move to online. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/uk-england-cambridgeshire-52038643","author":"News BBC","year":"2020","unstructured":"BBC News . 2020 . Coronavirus: Fitness instructor hails his move to online. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/uk-england-cambridgeshire-52038643 BBC News. 2020. Coronavirus: Fitness instructor hails his move to online. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/uk-england-cambridgeshire-52038643"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Effective educational videos: Principles and guidelines for maximizing student learning from video content. CBE Life Sciences Education 15, 4","author":"Brame Cynthia J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cynthia J. Brame . 2016. Effective educational videos: Principles and guidelines for maximizing student learning from video content. CBE Life Sciences Education 15, 4 ( 2016 ), es6.1--es6.6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1187\/cbe.16-03-0125 10.1187\/cbe.16-03-0125 Cynthia J. Brame. 2016. Effective educational videos: Principles and guidelines for maximizing student learning from video content. CBE Life Sciences Education 15, 4 (2016), es6.1--es6.6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1187\/cbe.16-03-0125"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"The Time. (March 20","author":"Bruner Raisa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raisa Bruner . 2020 . Influential Fitness Instructors Are Flexing New Muscles as Gyms Shutter Amid Coronavirus . The Time. (March 20 , 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/time.com\/5804073\/home-workout\/ Raisa Bruner. 2020. Influential Fitness Instructors Are Flexing New Muscles as Gyms Shutter Amid Coronavirus. The Time. (March 20, 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/time.com\/5804073\/home-workout\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Yahoo Finance. (March 12","author":"Wire Business","year":"2020","unstructured":"Business Wire . 2020 . Consumer Fitness Survey Finds Post COVID-19, Billions in Spend Will Be Lost or Reallocated in Massive Industry Transformation . Yahoo Finance. (March 12 , 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/finance.yahoo.com\/news\/consumer-fitness-survey-finds-post-150000055.html Business Wire. 2020. Consumer Fitness Survey Finds Post COVID-19, Billions in Spend Will Be Lost or Reallocated in Massive Industry Transformation. Yahoo Finance. (March 12, 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/finance.yahoo.com\/news\/consumer-fitness-survey-finds-post-150000055.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2004.00751.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"The New York Times. (March 29","author":"Chen David W.","year":"2020","unstructured":"David W. Chen . 2020 . Teachers' Herculean Task: Moving 1.1 Million Children to Online School . The New York Times. (March 29 , 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/29\/nyregion\/coronavirus-new-york-schools-remote-learning.html David W. Chen. 2020. Teachers' Herculean Task: Moving 1.1 Million Children to Online School. The New York Times. (March 29, 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/29\/nyregion\/coronavirus-new-york-schools-remote-learning.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction CSCW","author":"Chen Xinyue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xinyue Chen , Si Chen , Xu Wang , and Yun Huang . 2020 . \" I was afraid, but now I enjoy being a streamer!\": Understanding the Challenges and Prospects of Using Live Video Streaming for Online Education . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction CSCW (2020). Xinyue Chen, Si Chen, Xu Wang, and Yun Huang. 2020. \"I was afraid, but now I enjoy being a streamer!\": Understanding the Challenges and Prospects of Using Live Video Streaming for Online Education. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction CSCW (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction CSCW","author":"Chen Yan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yan Chen , Lasecki Walter S., and Tao Dong . 2020 . Towards Supporting Programming Education at Scale via Live Streaming . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction CSCW (2020). Yan Chen, Lasecki Walter S., and Tao Dong. 2020. Towards Supporting Programming Education at Scale via Live Streaming. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction CSCW (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445428"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01708"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"The Fitness Industry's Response to COVID-19 -- Insights into the Collective Improvisation, Innovation and Resilience of Global Fitness Operators","author":"Intel Club","unstructured":"Club Intel . 2020. The Fitness Industry's Response to COVID-19 -- Insights into the Collective Improvisation, Innovation and Resilience of Global Fitness Operators . p. 15 . Club Intel. 2020. The Fitness Industry's Response to COVID-19 -- Insights into the Collective Improvisation, Innovation and Resilience of Global Fitness Operators. p.15."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Basics of Qualitative Research","author":"Corbin Juliet","unstructured":"Juliet Corbin and Anselm Strauss . 2012. Basics of Qualitative Research ( 3 rd ed.): Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781452230153 10.4135\/9781452230153 Juliet Corbin and Anselm Strauss. 2012. Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.): Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781452230153","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2466231"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM.2016.7752437"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Fortune (June 11","author":"Eschner Kat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kat Eschner . 2020 . COVID-19 has changed how people exercise, but that doesn't mean gyms are going away . Fortune (June 11 , 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/fortune.com\/2020\/06\/11\/coronavirus-gyms-workouts-fitness-apps-reopening\/ Kat Eschner. 2020. COVID-19 has changed how people exercise, but that doesn't mean gyms are going away. Fortune (June 11, 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/fortune.com\/2020\/06\/11\/coronavirus-gyms-workouts-fitness-apps-reopening\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, CSCW","author":"Faas Travis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Travis Faas , Lynn Dombrowski , Alyson Young , and Andrew D. Miller . 2018. Watch me code: Programming mentorship communities on Twitch.tv . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, CSCW ( 2018 ), 1--18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3274319 10.1145\/3274319 Travis Faas, Lynn Dombrowski, Alyson Young, and Andrew D. Miller. 2018. Watch me code: Programming mentorship communities on Twitch.tv. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, CSCW (2018), 1--18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3274319"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct. ACM, Inc,57--60","author":"Feeken Corinna","year":"2016","unstructured":"Corinna Feeken , Dag Ennenga , Merlin Wasmann , Heiko Mo?ller, Wilko Heuten , and Susanne Boll . 2016 . Climbingassist - Direct vibro-Tactile feedback on climbing technique . In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct. ACM, Inc,57--60 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2968219.2971417 10.1145\/2968219.2971417 Corinna Feeken, Dag Ennenga, Merlin Wasmann, Heiko Mo?ller, Wilko Heuten, and Susanne Boll. 2016. Climbingassist - Direct vibro-Tactile feedback on climbing technique. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct. ACM, Inc,57--60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2968219.2971417"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.33.4.506"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.2020.1816099"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Firman Tehrene","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tehrene Firman . 2020 . 14 Online Workout Subscriptions That Cost Less Than $10 a Month. Well+Good. (April 23, 2020) . Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.wellandgood.com\/affordable-at-home-workout-programs\/ Tehrene Firman. 2020. 14 Online Workout Subscriptions That Cost Less Than $10 a Month. Well+Good. (April 23, 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.wellandgood.com\/affordable-at-home-workout-programs\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3325480.3325485"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14768320601070571"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Shih Chia Huang, Tsedevdorj Batjargal, Jun Wei Hsieh, Fady S. Alnajjar, and Yung Fu Chen.","author":"Gochoo Munkhjargal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Munkhjargal Gochoo , Tan Hsu Tan , Shih Chia Huang, Tsedevdorj Batjargal, Jun Wei Hsieh, Fady S. Alnajjar, and Yung Fu Chen. 2019 . Novel IoT-Based Privacy-Preserving Yoga Posture Recognition System Using Low-Resolution Infrared Sensors and Deep Learning. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 6,4(2019),7192--7200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2915095 10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2915095 Munkhjargal Gochoo, Tan Hsu Tan, Shih Chia Huang, Tsedevdorj Batjargal, Jun Wei Hsieh, Fady S. Alnajjar, and Yung Fu Chen. 2019. Novel IoT-Based Privacy-Preserving Yoga Posture Recognition System Using Low-Resolution Infrared Sensors and Deep Learning. IEEE Internet of Things Journal6,4(2019),7192--7200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2915095"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_32_1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott Graupensperger Jinger S. Gottschall Alex J. Benson Mark Eys Bryce Hastings and Michael Blair Evans. 2019. Perceptions of Groupness During Fitness Classes Positively Predict Recalled Perceptions of Exertion Enjoyment and Affective Valence: An Intensive Longitudinal Investigation. Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/spy0000157 10.1037\/spy0000157","DOI":"10.1037\/spy0000157"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_32_1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott Graupensperger Jinger S. Gottschall Alex J. Benson Mark Eys Bryce Hastings and Michael Blair Evans. 2019. Perceptions of Groupness During Fitness Classes Positively Predict Recalled Perceptions of Exertion Enjoyment and Affective Valence: An Intensive Longitudinal Investigation. Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/spy0000157","DOI":"10.1037\/spy0000157"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557048"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025758"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Asynchronous and Synchronous E-Learning","volume":"31","author":"Hrastinski Stefan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stefan Hrastinski . 2008 . Asynchronous and Synchronous E-Learning . Educause Quarterly 31 , 4 (2008), 51 -- 55 . Stefan Hrastinski. 2008. Asynchronous and Synchronous E-Learning. Educause Quarterly 31, 4 (2008), 51--55.","journal-title":"Educause Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"IHRSA.","year":"2020","unstructured":"IHRSA. 2020 . 2019 Fitness Industry Trends Shed Light on 2020 Beyond. (2020) . Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.ihrsa.org\/improve-your-club\/industry-news\/2019-fitness-industry-trends-shed-light-on-2020-beyond\/ IHRSA. 2020. 2019 Fitness Industry Trends Shed Light on 2020 Beyond. (2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.ihrsa.org\/improve-your-club\/industry-news\/2019-fitness-industry-trends-shed-light-on-2020-beyond\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"IHRSA.","year":"2020","unstructured":"IHRSA. 2020 . The 2020 IHRSA Global Report. (2020) . Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.ihrsa.org\/publications\/the-2020-ihrsa-global-report IHRSA. 2020. The 2020 IHRSA Global Report. (2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.ihrsa.org\/publications\/the-2020-ihrsa-global-report"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-012-9367-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2020.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.0c01365"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"The Guardian. (August 19","author":"Kale Sirin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sirin Kale . 2019 . The rise of digital fitness: can the new wave of high-intensity home workouts replace the gym ? The Guardian. (August 19 , 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/lifeandstyle\/2019\/aug\/19\/the-rise-of-digital-fitness-can-the-new-wave-of-high-intensity-home-workouts-replace-the-gym Sirin Kale. 2019. The rise of digital fitness: can the new wave of high-intensity home workouts replace the gym? The Guardian. (August 19, 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/lifeandstyle\/2019\/aug\/19\/the-rise-of-digital-fitness-can-the-new-wave-of-high-intensity-home-workouts-replace-the-gym"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.590172"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Taemin Ha, and Jun Hyung Baek.","author":"Kim Minhyun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Minhyun Kim , Hyeonho Yu , Chan Woong Park , Taemin Ha, and Jun Hyung Baek. 2021 . Physical education teachers' online teaching experiences and perceptions during the covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Physical Education and Sport 21 (jul 2021), 2049--2056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7752\/JPES.2021.S3261 10.7752\/JPES.2021.S3261 Minhyun Kim, Hyeonho Yu, Chan Woong Park, Taemin Ha, and Jun Hyung Baek. 2021. Physical education teachers' online teaching experiences and perceptions during the covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Physical Education and Sport 21 (jul 2021), 2049--2056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7752\/JPES.2021.S3261"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174191"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3240508.3240537"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Mills Les","year":"2019","unstructured":"Les Mills . 2019 . Les Mills Global Consumer Fitness Survey 2019. (2019). p.6 . Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.lesmills.com\/us\/clubs-and-facilities\/consumer-survey\/ Les Mills. 2019. Les Mills Global Consumer Fitness Survey 2019. (2019). p.6. Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.lesmills.com\/us\/clubs-and-facilities\/consumer-survey\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","article-title":"These fitness studios are live-streaming workout classes for free during the coronavirus outbreak","author":"Lewis Sophie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sophie Lewis . 2020 . These fitness studios are live-streaming workout classes for free during the coronavirus outbreak . CBS News. ( March 18, 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/coronavirus-free-online-workout-gyms-live-stream-classes-during-outbreak\/ Sophie Lewis. 2020. These fitness studios are live-streaming workout classes for free during the coronavirus outbreak. CBS News. (March 18, 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/coronavirus-free-online-workout-gyms-live-stream-classes-during-outbreak\/","journal-title":"CBS News."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.20743"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300459"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Governance of higher education -- the role of proximity in teaching quality","volume":"22","author":"Macheridis Nikos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nikos Macheridis and Alexander Paulsson . 2016 . Governance of higher education -- the role of proximity in teaching quality . Springer 22 , 3 (jul 2016), 202--217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13583883.2016.1183036 10.1080\/13583883.2016.1183036 Nikos Macheridis and Alexander Paulsson. 2016. Governance of higher education -- the role of proximity in teaching quality. Springer 22, 3 (jul 2016), 202--217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13583883.2016.1183036","journal-title":"Springer"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2010.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2598510.2598570"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'14)","author":"Mauriello Matthew Louis","unstructured":"Matthew Louis Mauriello , Michael Gubbels , and Jon E. Froehlich . 2014. Social fabric fitness: The design and evaluation of wearable E-textile displays to support group running . In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'14) . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2556288. 2557299 10.1145\/2556288 Matthew Louis Mauriello, Michael Gubbels, and Jon E. Froehlich. 2014. Social fabric fitness: The design and evaluation of wearable E-textile displays to support group running. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'14). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2556288. 2557299"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Wired. (November 30","author":"McCulloch Gretchen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gretchen McCulloch . 2020 . A Mission to Make Virtual Parties Actually Fun . Wired. (November 30 , 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/zoom-parties-proximity-chat\/ Gretchen McCulloch. 2020. A Mission to Make Virtual Parties Actually Fun. Wired. (November 30, 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/zoom-parties-proximity-chat\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Physical Exercise Form Correction Using Neural Networks. In Companion Publication of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction (ICMI'20)","author":"Militaru Cristian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cristian Militaru and Maria-Denisa Militaru . 2020 . Physical Exercise Form Correction Using Neural Networks. In Companion Publication of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction (ICMI'20) . ACM, New York, NY, USA. Cristian Militaru and Maria-Denisa Militaru. 2020. Physical Exercise Form Correction Using Neural Networks. In Companion Publication of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction (ICMI'20). ACM, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","first-page":"5","volume-title":"A 2019 MINDBODY Wellness Index Report: Fitness in America.","author":"Insights Mindbody Research","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mindbody Research Insights . 2019 . A 2019 MINDBODY Wellness Index Report: Fitness in America. (2020). p. 5 . Mindbody Research Insights. 2019. A 2019 MINDBODY Wellness Index Report: Fitness in America. (2020). p.5."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702533"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","first-page":"000","article-title":"NY, NJ","volume":"1","author":"New York NBC","year":"2020","unstructured":"NBC New York . 2020 . NY, NJ , CT Jointly Ban Crowds Over 50, Dining Out, Gyms; Tri-State Cases Surpass 1 , 000 . (March 17, 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.nbcnewyork.com\/news\/coronavirus\/no-schools-no-dine-in-nyc-shuts-down-to-combat-coronavirus-nj-may-be-next\/2328651\/ NBC New York. 2020. NY, NJ, CT Jointly Ban Crowds Over 50, Dining Out, Gyms; Tri-State Cases Surpass 1,000. (March 17, 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.nbcnewyork.com\/news\/coronavirus\/no-schools-no-dine-in-nyc-shuts-down-to-combat-coronavirus-nj-may-be-next\/2328651\/","journal-title":"CT Jointly Ban Crowds Over 50, Dining Out, Gyms; Tri-State Cases Surpass"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2829875.2829930"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Nystoriak and Aruni Bhatnagar","author":"Matthew","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matthew A. Nystoriak and Aruni Bhatnagar . 2018 . Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine 5, 135 (Sep. 2018), DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00135 10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00135 Matthew A. Nystoriak and Aruni Bhatnagar. 2018. Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine 5, 135 (Sep. 2018), DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00135"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.1c00549"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-122.6.525"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Exclusive: Will Americans ditch the gym for the Peloton model? Survey sheds light","author":"Raphael Rina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rina Raphael . 2018 . Exclusive: Will Americans ditch the gym for the Peloton model? Survey sheds light . Fast Company . (October 18, 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.fastcompany.com\/90253116\/exclusive-will-americans-ditch-the-gym-for-the-peloton-model-survey-sheds-light Rina Raphael. 2018. Exclusive: Will Americans ditch the gym for the Peloton model? Survey sheds light. Fast Company. (October 18, 2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.fastcompany.com\/90253116\/exclusive-will-americans-ditch-the-gym-for-the-peloton-model-survey-sheds-light"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Wired. (December 20","author":"Ray Joe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joe Ray . 2020 . Zoom Serves Up New Friends in a Roman Kitchen . Wired. (December 20 , 2020). Retrieved December 30, 2020 from https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/zoom-cooking-classes\/ Joe Ray. 2020. Zoom Serves Up New Friends in a Roman Kitchen. Wired. (December 20, 2020). Retrieved December 30, 2020 from https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/zoom-cooking-classes\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274415"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Arent","author":"Rhea Matthew R.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Matthew R. Rhea , Daniel M. Landers , Brent A. Alvar , and Shawn M . Arent . 2003 . The effects of competition and the presence of an audience on weight lifting performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research ( 2003). Matthew R. Rhea, Daniel M. Landers, Brent A. Alvar, and Shawn M. Arent. 2003. The effects of competition and the presence of an audience on weight lifting performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (2003)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3102071.3102103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Schwier and Shelly Balbar","author":"Richard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Richard A. Schwier and Shelly Balbar . 2002 . The Interplay of Content and Community in Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication: Virtual Communication in a Graduate Seminar. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology \/ La revue canadienne de l'apprentissage et de la technologie 28, 2(2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21432\/t20k64 10.21432\/t20k64 Richard A. Schwier and Shelly Balbar. 2002. The Interplay of Content and Community in Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication: Virtual Communication in a Graduate Seminar. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology \/ La revue canadienne de l'apprentissage et de la technologie 28, 2(2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21432\/t20k64"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"The New York Times. (April 12","author":"Skolnick Adam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adam Skolnick . 2020 . Fitness Instructors Flock Online to Pump You Up . The New York Times. (April 12 , 2020). Retrieved December 16, 2020 from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/04\/12\/sports\/coronavirus-fitness-trainers-workouts.html Adam Skolnick. 2020. Fitness Instructors Flock Online to Pump You Up. The New York Times. (April 12, 2020). Retrieved December 16, 2020 from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/04\/12\/sports\/coronavirus-fitness-trainers-workouts.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.34.2.252"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5175-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2020.102276"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2371574.2371639"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1469-0292(01)00019-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems-CHI'19","author":"Sun Na","year":"2019","unstructured":"Na Sun , Xiying Wang , and Mary Beth Rosson . 2019 . How do distance learners connect? Shared identity, focused work and future possibilities . In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems-CHI'19 . ACM Press, New York, New York, USA, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3290605.3300662 10.1145\/3290605.3300662 Na Sun, Xiying Wang, and Mary Beth Rosson. 2019. How do distance learners connect? Shared identity, focused work and future possibilities. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems-CHI'19. ACM Press, New York, New York, USA, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3290605.3300662"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"The relation of physical activity and exercise to mental health","volume":"100","author":"Taylor C. Barr","year":"1985","unstructured":"C. Barr Taylor , James F. Sallis , Richard Needle . 1985 . The relation of physical activity and exercise to mental health . Public Health Rep 100 , 2 (1985), 195 -- 202 . C. Barr Taylor, James F. Sallis, Richard Needle. 1985. The relation of physical activity and exercise to mental health. Public Health Rep 100, 2 (1985), 195--202.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/FIT.0000000000000631"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","volume-title":"Moving Communities: Active Leisure Trends 2018 Report.","author":"ukactive Research Institute","year":"2018","unstructured":"ukactive Research Institute . 2018 . Moving Communities: Active Leisure Trends 2018 Report. ukactive Research Institute. 2018. Moving Communities: Active Leisure Trends 2018 Report."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the changes of physical education in the age of Covid-19","volume":"0","author":"Varea Valeria","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valeria Varea , G. Gonz\u00e1lez-Calvo , and A. Garc\u00eda-Monge . 2020 . Exploring the changes of physical education in the age of Covid-19 . Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 0 (2020), 1 -- 11 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17408989.2020.1861233 10.1080\/17408989.2020.1861233 Valeria Varea, G. Gonz\u00e1lez-Calvo, and A. Garc\u00eda-Monge. 2020. Exploring the changes of physical education in the age of Covid-19. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 0 (2020), 1--11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17408989.2020.1861233","journal-title":"Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00140.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.051351"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Ward Mary","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mary Ward . 2019 . Women prefer class fitness, and it gives their wallets a workout. The Sydney Morning Herald. (2019) . Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/lifestyle\/health-and-wellness\/women-are-more-likely-to-spend-money-on-fitness-20190624-p520p3.html Mary Ward. 2019. Women prefer class fitness, and it gives their wallets a workout. The Sydney Morning Herald. (2019). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/lifestyle\/health-and-wellness\/women-are-more-likely-to-spend-money-on-fitness-20190624-p520p3.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Weddle Amaya Becvar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amaya Becvar Weddle . 2020 . Virtual Workout Trends During Shelter-at-home. Mindbody. (2020) . Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.mindbodyonline.com\/business\/education\/blog\/virtual-workout-trends-during-shelter-home Amaya Becvar Weddle. 2020. Virtual Workout Trends During Shelter-at-home. Mindbody. (2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.mindbodyonline.com\/business\/education\/blog\/virtual-workout-trends-during-shelter-home"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","volume-title":"Proceedings for the 5th International Conference on Designs for Learning: Designing New Learning Ecologies. Aalborg Universitetsforlag, Copenhagen, 236--252","author":"Weitze Charlotte L\u00e6rke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Charlotte L\u00e6rke Weitze . 2016 . Learning Design Patterns for Hybrid Synchronous Video-Mediated Learning Environments . In Proceedings for the 5th International Conference on Designs for Learning: Designing New Learning Ecologies. Aalborg Universitetsforlag, Copenhagen, 236--252 . https:\/\/vbn.aau.dk\/en\/publications\/learning-design-patterns-for-hybrid-synchronous-video-mediated-le Charlotte L\u00e6rke Weitze. 2016. Learning Design Patterns for Hybrid Synchronous Video-Mediated Learning Environments. In Proceedings for the 5th International Conference on Designs for Learning: Designing New Learning Ecologies. Aalborg Universitetsforlag, Copenhagen, 236--252. https:\/\/vbn.aau.dk\/en\/publications\/learning-design-patterns-for-hybrid-synchronous-video-mediated-le"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/191666.191726"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","volume-title":"The best time to prevent the next pandemic is now: countries join voices for better emergency preparedness","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 2020. The best time to prevent the next pandemic is now: countries join voices for better emergency preparedness . World Health Organization News . ( October 2020 ). Retrieved January 13, 2021 from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/01--10--2020-the-best-time-to-prevent-the-next-pandemic-is-now-countries-join-voices-for-better-emergency-preparedness World Health Organization. 2020. The best time to prevent the next pandemic is now: countries join voices for better emergency preparedness. World Health Organization News. (October 2020). Retrieved January 13, 2021 from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/01--10--2020-the-best-time-to-prevent-the-next-pandemic-is-now-countries-join-voices-for-better-emergency-preparedness"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/FIT.0000000000000048"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.0c00695"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300390"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3922"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3427332"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785830.2785893"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445240"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","first-page":"e17","article-title":"Effects of group fitness classes on stress and quality of life of medical students","volume":"117","author":"Yorks Dayna M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dayna M. Yorks , Christopher A. Frothingham , and Mark D. Schuenke . 2017 . Effects of group fitness classes on stress and quality of life of medical students . Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 117 ,11(2017), e17 -- e25 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7556\/jaoa.2017.140 10.7556\/jaoa.2017.140 Dayna M. Yorks, Christopher A. Frothingham, and Mark D. Schuenke. 2017. Effects of group fitness classes on stress and quality of life of medical students. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 117,11(2017),e17--e25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7556\/jaoa.2017.140","journal-title":"Journal of the American Osteopathic Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci11010003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW. https:\/\/doi.org\/10","author":"Zheng Saijing","year":"1804","unstructured":"Saijing Zheng , Pamela Wisniewski , Mary Beth Rosson , and John M. Carroll . 2016. Ask the instructors: Motivations and challenges of teaching massive open online courses . In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW. https:\/\/doi.org\/10 .1145\/28 1804 8.2820082 10.1145\/2818048.2820082 Saijing Zheng, Pamela Wisniewski, Mary Beth Rosson, and John M. Carroll. 2016. Ask the instructors: Motivations and challenges of teaching massive open online courses. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2818048.2820082"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3360774.3360817"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","volume-title":"Zoom Blog. (May 15","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zoom. 2020 . Best Practices for Hosting Workouts Over Zoom . Zoom Blog. (May 15 , 2020). Retrieved December 21, 2020 from https:\/\/blog.zoom.us\/best-practices-for-hosting-zoom-workouts\/ Zoom. 2020. Best Practices for Hosting Workouts Over Zoom. Zoom Blog. (May 15, 2020). Retrieved December 21, 2020 from https:\/\/blog.zoom.us\/best-practices-for-hosting-zoom-workouts\/"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3512918","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3512918","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:12:28Z","timestamp":1750191148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3512918"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3512918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3512918","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-04-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}