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Fog computing, which emerged as an extension of cloud computing, supports mobility, heterogeneity, geographical distribution, context awareness, and services such as storage, processing, networking, and analytics on nearby fog nodes. The resource-limited, heterogeneous, dynamic, and uncertain fog environment makes task scheduling a great challenge that needs to be investigated. The article is motivated by this consideration and presents a systematic, comprehensive, and detailed comparative study by discussing the merits and demerits of different scheduling algorithms, focused optimization metrics, and evaluation tools in the fog computing and IoE environment. The goal of this survey article is fivefold. First, we review the fog computing and IoE paradigms. Second, we delineate the optimization metric engaged with fog computing and IoE environment. Third, we review, classify, and compare existing scheduling algorithms dealing with fog computing and IoE environment paradigms by leveraging some examples. Fourth, we rationalize the scheduling algorithms and point out the lesson learned from the survey. Fifth, we discuss the open issues and future research directions to improve scheduling in fog computing and the IoE environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3513002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T22:39:32Z","timestamp":1644273572000},"page":"1-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Resource Allocation and Task Scheduling in Fog Computing and Internet of Everything Environments: A Taxonomy, Review, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2802-7101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bushra","family":"Jamil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of CS &amp; IT, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9810-9180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humaira","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of CS &amp; IT, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shojafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5GIC &amp; 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1826-4640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kashif","family":"Munir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Rajkumar","family":"Buyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","volume-title":"Internet of Things: Principles and Paradigms","author":"Buyya Rajkumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rajkumar Buyya and Amir Vahid Dastjerdi. 2016. 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