{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T08:21:29Z","timestamp":1768033289643,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61872308, 61972327, and 62102174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61872308, 61972327, and 62102174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Xiamen Youth Innovation Funds","award":["3502Z20206029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3502Z20206029"]}]},{"name":"Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University","award":["VRLAB2021B01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VRLAB2021B01"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["OAC-1657364, IIS-1816511, OAC-1845962, OAC-1910469, and CMMI-1953323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OAC-1657364, IIS-1816511, OAC-1845962, OAC-1910469, and CMMI-1953323"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004764","name":"Honda","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004764","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vector image representation methods that can faithfully reconstruct objects and color variations in a raster image are desired in many practical applications. This article presents triangular configuration B-spline (referred to as TCB-spline)-based vector graphics for raster image vectorization. Based on this new representation, an automatic raster image vectorization paradigm is proposed. The proposed framework first detects sharp curvilinear features in the image and constructs knot meshes based on the detected feature lines. It iteratively optimizes color and position of control points and updates the knot meshes. By using collinear knots at feature lines, both smooth and discontinuous color variations can be efficiently modeled by the same set of quadratic TCB-splines. A variational knot mesh generation method is designed to adaptively introduce knots and update their connectivity to satisfy the local reconstruction quality. Experiments and comparisons show that our framework outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods in providing more faithful reconstruction results. In particular, our method is able to model undetected features and subtle or complicated color variations in-between features, which the previous methods cannot handle efficiently. Our vectorization representation also facilitates a variety of editing operations performed directly over vector images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3513132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T13:58:06Z","timestamp":1652363886000},"page":"1-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["TCB-spline-based Image Vectorization"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Haikuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8154-4397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China"}]},{"given":"Yanyang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China"}]},{"given":"Zhonggui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China"}]},{"given":"Zichun","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"Yongjie Jessica","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","volume-title":"Vectorization of Raster Images Using B-Spline Surfaces","author":"Armstrong Curtis A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Curtis A. Armstrong. 2006. Vectorization of Raster Images Using B-Spline Surfaces. Master\u2019s thesis. Brigham Young University-Provo."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3202661"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767851"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2019.112598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cagd.2018.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2019.2922126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2019.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gmod.2014.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","volume-title":"Splines as linear combinations of B-splines. A survey","author":"Boor Carl De","year":"1976","unstructured":"Carl De Boor. 1976. Splines as linear combinations of B-splines. A survey. Technical Report No. MRC-TSR-1667. Wisconsin University-Madison Mathematics Research Center."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3386569.3392401"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.754586"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/FM57-6770-U75U-7727"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/imanum\/10.1.137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2070781.2024200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00029890.1973.11993339"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","volume-title":"Evaluation of DMS-splines","author":"Franssen Michael","year":"1995","unstructured":"Michael Franssen. 1995. Evaluation of DMS-splines. Master\u2019s thesis. Eindhoven University of Technology."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2010.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13818"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1183287.1183295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2867478"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3306346.3323011"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","first-page":"78:1\u201378:8","article-title":"Bounded biharmonic weights for real-time deformation","volume":"30","author":"Jacobson Alec","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alec Jacobson, Ilya Baran, Jovan Popovi\u0107, and Olga Sorkine. 2011. Bounded biharmonic weights for real-time deformation. ACM Trans. Graph. (Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH) 30, 4 (2011), 78:1\u201378:8.","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1618452.1618462"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2013.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-014-0997-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2945.910818"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.1995.601974","volume-title":"Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition","volume":"2","author":"Fan Kuo-Chin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kuo-Chin Fan, Den-Fong Chen, and Ming-Gang Wen. 1995. A new vectorization-based approach to the skeletonization of binary images. In Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Vol. 2. 627\u2013630."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1531326.1531391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","first-page":"349","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Eurographics Symposium on Rendering (EGSR\u201906)","author":"Lecot Gregory","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gregory Lecot and Bruno L\u00e9vy. 2006. Ardeco: Automatic region detection and conversion. In Proceedings of the 17th Eurographics Symposium on Rendering (EGSR\u201906). Nicosia\/Cyprus, 349\u2013360."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2012.76"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","volume-title":"Computations of Delaunay and higher order triangulations, with applications to splines","author":"Liu Yuanxin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yuanxin Liu. 2007. Computations of Delaunay and higher order triangulations, with applications to splines. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1247069.1247100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","first-page":"355","volume-title":"Mathematical Methods for Curves and Surfaces","author":"Neamtu Marian","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marian Neamtu. 2001. What is the natural generalization of univariate splines to higher dimensions? In Mathematical Methods for Curves and Surfaces. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 355\u2013392."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1360612.1360691"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradyumna Reddy Michael Gharbi Michal Lukac and Niloy J. Mitra. 2021. Im2Vec: Synthesizing Vector Graphics without Vector Supervision. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv:cs.CV\/2102.02798.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","unstructured":"ScanFont. 2017. Font Lab. Retrieved from http:\/\/old.fontlab.com\/font-converter\/scanfont\/\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25027-0_23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1057432.1057456"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2004.00752.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601187"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185570"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2012.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1112\/plms\/s3-13.1.743"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1618452.1618461"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2661229.2661275"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2012.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073692"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-4485(03)00006-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cagd.2017.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2721400"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2014.2327807"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3513132","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3513132","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3513132","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:12:28Z","timestamp":1750191148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3513132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3513132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3513132","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}