{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:36:36Z","timestamp":1787909796668,"version":"build-2784847793"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":58,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3514094.3534162","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T18:25:13Z","timestamp":1658946313000},"page":"156-170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Gender Bias in Word Embeddings"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Aylin","family":"Caliskan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pimparkar Parth","family":"Ajay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Charlesworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahzarin R.","family":"Banaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3461702.3462563"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"Contextual String Embeddings for Sequence Labeling. In COLING 2018, 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. 1638--1649","author":"Akbik Alan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alan Akbik , Duncan Blythe , and Roland Vollgraf . 2018 . Contextual String Embeddings for Sequence Labeling. In COLING 2018, 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. 1638--1649 . Alan Akbik, Duncan Blythe, and Roland Vollgraf. 2018. Contextual String Embeddings for Sequence Labeling. In COLING 2018, 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. 1638--1649."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.68.2.181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"Evaluating the underlying gender bias in contextualized word embeddings. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.08783","author":"Basta Christine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christine Basta , Marta R Costa-Juss\u00e0 , and Noe Casas . 2019. Evaluating the underlying gender bias in contextualized word embeddings. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.08783 ( 2019 ). Christine Basta, Marta R Costa-Juss\u00e0, and Noe Casas. 2019. Evaluating the underlying gender bias in contextualized word embeddings. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.08783 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"Vinay Uday Prabhu, and Emmanuel Kahembwe","author":"Birhane Abeba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abeba Birhane , Vinay Uday Prabhu, and Emmanuel Kahembwe . 2021 . Multimodal datasets: misogyny, pornography, and malignant stereotypes. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.01963 (2021). Abeba Birhane, Vinay Uday Prabhu, and Emmanuel Kahembwe. 2021. Multimodal datasets: misogyny, pornography, and malignant stereotypes. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.01963 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2019.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","volume-title":"Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? debiasing word embeddings. Advances in neural information processing systems","author":"Bolukbasi Tolga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tolga Bolukbasi , Kai-Wei Chang , James Y Zou , Venkatesh Saligrama , and Adam T Kalai . 2016. Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? debiasing word embeddings. Advances in neural information processing systems , Vol. 29 ( 2016 ), 4349--4357. Tolga Bolukbasi, Kai-Wei Chang, James Y Zou, Venkatesh Saligrama, and Adam T Kalai. 2016. Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? debiasing word embeddings. Advances in neural information processing systems , Vol. 29 (2016), 4349--4357."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 803--811","author":"Brunet Marc-Etienne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marc-Etienne Brunet , Colleen Alkalay-Houlihan , Ashton Anderson , and Richard Zemel . 2019 . Understanding the origins of bias in word embeddings . In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 803--811 . Marc-Etienne Brunet, Colleen Alkalay-Houlihan, Ashton Anderson, and Richard Zemel. 2019. Understanding the origins of bias in word embeddings. In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 803--811."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"Detecting and mitigating bias in natural language processing. Brookings Institution","author":"Caliskan Aylin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aylin Caliskan . 2021. Detecting and mitigating bias in natural language processing. Brookings Institution ( 2021 ). Aylin Caliskan. 2021. Detecting and mitigating bias in natural language processing. Brookings Institution (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Science","volume":"356","author":"Caliskan Aylin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aylin Caliskan , Joanna J Bryson , and Arvind Narayanan . 2017 . Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases . Science , Vol. 356 , 6334 (2017), 183--186. Aylin Caliskan, Joanna J Bryson, and Arvind Narayanan. 2017. Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases. Science , Vol. 356, 6334 (2017), 183--186."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","unstructured":"Aylin Caliskan and Molly Lewis. [n. d.]. Social biases in word embeddings and their relation to human cognition. PsyArXiv.  Aylin Caliskan and Molly Lewis. [n. d.]. Social biases in word embeddings and their relation to human cognition. PsyArXiv."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-3804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"Banaji","author":"Charlesworth Tessa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tessa Charlesworth , Aylin Caliskan , and Mahzarin R . Banaji . 2022 . Historical Representations of Social Groups Across 200 Years of Word Embeddings from Google Books . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2022). Tessa Charlesworth, Aylin Caliskan, and Mahzarin R. Banaji. 2022. Historical Representations of Social Groups Across 200 Years of Word Embeddings from Google Books. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","volume-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science (2021)","author":"Charlesworth Tessa ES","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tessa ES Charlesworth and Mahzarin R Banaji . 2021 . Patterns of Implicit and Explicit Stereotypes III: Long-Term Change in Gender Stereotypes . Social Psychological and Personality Science (2021) , 1948550620988425. Tessa ES Charlesworth and Mahzarin R Banaji. 2021. Patterns of Implicit and Explicit Stereotypes III: Long-Term Change in Gender Stereotypes. Social Psychological and Personality Science (2021), 1948550620988425."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620963619"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen Jacob","unstructured":"Jacob Cohen . 2013. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences . Academic press . Jacob Cohen. 2013. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences .Academic press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","article-title":"Natural language processing (almost) from scratch","volume":"12","author":"Collobert Ronan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ronan Collobert , Jason Weston , L\u00e9on Bottou , Michael Karlen , Koray Kavukcuoglu , and Pavel Kuksa . 2011 . Natural language processing (almost) from scratch . Journal of machine learning research , Vol. 12 , ARTICLE (2011), 2493--2537. Ronan Collobert, Jason Weston, L\u00e9on Bottou, Michael Karlen, Koray Kavukcuoglu, and Pavel Kuksa. 2011. Natural language processing (almost) from scratch. Journal of machine learning research , Vol. 12, ARTICLE (2011), 2493--2537.","journal-title":"Journal of machine learning research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287572"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.150"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"Gender stereotypes and attitudes toward women and men. Personality and social psychology bulletin","author":"Eagly Alice H","year":"1989","unstructured":"Alice H Eagly and Antonio Mladinic . 1989. Gender stereotypes and attitudes toward women and men. Personality and social psychology bulletin , Vol. 15 , 4 ( 1989 ), 543--558. Alice H Eagly and Antonio Mladinic. 1989. Gender stereotypes and attitudes toward women and men. Personality and social psychology bulletin , Vol. 15, 4 (1989), 543--558."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","volume-title":"Are people prejudiced against women? Some answers from research on attitudes, gender stereotypes, and judgments of competence. European review of social psychology","author":"Eagly Alice H","year":"1994","unstructured":"Alice H Eagly and Antonio Mladinic . 1994. Are people prejudiced against women? Some answers from research on attitudes, gender stereotypes, and judgments of competence. European review of social psychology , Vol. 5 , 1 ( 1994 ), 1--35. Alice H Eagly and Antonio Mladinic. 1994. Are people prejudiced against women? Some answers from research on attitudes, gender stereotypes, and judgments of competence. European review of social psychology , Vol. 5, 1 (1994), 1--35."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Machine Learning (ICML-03)","author":"Elkan Charles","year":"2003","unstructured":"Charles Elkan . 2003 . Using the triangle inequality to accelerate k-means . In Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Machine Learning (ICML-03) . 147--153. Charles Elkan. 2003. Using the triangle inequality to accelerate k-means. In Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Machine Learning (ICML-03). 147--153."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720347115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"Lipstick on a pig: Debiasing methods cover up systematic gender biases in word embeddings but do not remove them. arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.03862","author":"Gonen Hila","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hila Gonen and Yoav Goldberg . 2019. Lipstick on a pig: Debiasing methods cover up systematic gender biases in word embeddings but do not remove them. arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.03862 ( 2019 ). Hila Gonen and Yoav Goldberg. 2019. Lipstick on a pig: Debiasing methods cover up systematic gender biases in word embeddings but do not remove them. arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.03862 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.6.1464"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3461702.3462536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"A meta-analytic review of gender differences in agency and communion. Psychological Bulletin","author":"Hsu N.","year":"2021","unstructured":"N. Hsu , K. L. Badura , D. A. Newman , and M. E. P. Speach . 2021. Gender, \"masculinity,\" and \"femininity\" : A meta-analytic review of gender differences in agency and communion. Psychological Bulletin ( 2021 ), 987--1011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000343 10.1037\/bul0000343 N. Hsu, K. L. Badura, D. A. Newman, and M. E. P. Speach. 2021. Gender, \"masculinity,\" and \"femininity\": A meta-analytic review of gender differences in agency and communion. Psychological Bulletin (2021), 987--1011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.56.3.326"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.91.1.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","volume-title":"Gender bias and stereotypes in linguistic example sentences. Language","author":"Kotek Hadas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hadas Kotek , Rikker Dockum , Sarah Babinski , and Christopher Geissler . 2021. Gender bias and stereotypes in linguistic example sentences. Language ( 2021 ). Hadas Kotek, Rikker Dockum, Sarah Babinski, and Christopher Geissler. 2021. Gender bias and stereotypes in linguistic example sentences. Language (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018)","author":"Mikolov Tomas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tomas Mikolov , Edouard Grave , Piotr Bojanowski , Christian Puhrsch , and Armand Joulin . 2018 . Advances in Pre-Training Distributed Word Representations . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018) . Tomas Mikolov, Edouard Grave, Piotr Bojanowski, Christian Puhrsch, and Armand Joulin. 2018. Advances in Pre-Training Distributed Word Representations. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018) ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 conference of the north american chapter of the association for computational linguistics: Human language technologies. 746--751","author":"Mikolov Tom\u00e1vs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tom\u00e1vs Mikolov , Wen-tau Yih, and Geoffrey Zweig . 2013 . Linguistic regularities in continuous space word representations . In Proceedings of the 2013 conference of the north american chapter of the association for computational linguistics: Human language technologies. 746--751 . Tom\u00e1vs Mikolov, Wen-tau Yih, and Geoffrey Zweig. 2013. Linguistic regularities in continuous space word representations. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference of the north american chapter of the association for computational linguistics: Human language technologies. 746--751."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809921106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1964.66.3.02a00880"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","volume-title":"The measurement of meaning . Number 47","author":"Osgood Charles Egerton","unstructured":"Charles Egerton Osgood , George J Suci , and Percy H Tannenbaum . 1957. The measurement of meaning . Number 47 . University of Illinois press. Charles Egerton Osgood, George J Suci, and Percy H Tannenbaum. 1957. The measurement of meaning . Number 47. University of Illinois press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2021.100336"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"Manning","author":"Pennington Jeffrey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jeffrey Pennington , Richard Socher , and Christopher D . Manning . 2014 . GloVe: Global Vectors for Word Representation. In Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) . 1532--1543. http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/D14--1162 Jeffrey Pennington, Richard Socher, and Christopher D. Manning. 2014. GloVe: Global Vectors for Word Representation. In Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). 1532--1543. http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/D14--1162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, et almbox.","author":"Radford Alec","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alec Radford , Jong Wook Kim , Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, et almbox. 2021 . Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.00020 (2021). Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, et almbox. 2021. Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.00020 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","volume-title":"Semeval-2020 task 1: Unsupervised lexical semantic change detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.11464","author":"Schlechtweg Dominik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dominik Schlechtweg , Barbara McGillivray , Simon Hengchen , Haim Dubossarsky , and Nina Tahmasebi . 2020. Semeval-2020 task 1: Unsupervised lexical semantic change detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.11464 ( 2020 ). Dominik Schlechtweg, Barbara McGillivray, Simon Hengchen, Haim Dubossarsky, and Nina Tahmasebi. 2020. Semeval-2020 task 1: Unsupervised lexical semantic change detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.11464 (2020)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_2_44_1.1","unstructured":"Robyn Speer Joshua Chin Andrew Lin Sara Jewett and Lance Nathan. 2018. LuminosoInsight\/wordfreq: v2.2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.1443582 10.5281\/zenodo.1443582"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_2_44_1.2","unstructured":"Robyn Speer Joshua Chin Andrew Lin Sara Jewett and Lance Nathan. 2018. LuminosoInsight\/wordfreq: v2.2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.1443582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","volume-title":"ValNorm Quantifies Semantics to Reveal Consistent Valence Biases Across Languages and Over Centuries. Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","author":"Toney-Wails Autumn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Autumn Toney-Wails and Aylin Caliskan . 2021. ValNorm Quantifies Semantics to Reveal Consistent Valence Biases Across Languages and Over Centuries. Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) ( 2021 ). Autumn Toney-Wails and Aylin Caliskan. 2021. ValNorm Quantifies Semantics to Reveal Consistent Valence Biases Across Languages and Over Centuries. Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","article-title":"Visualizing data using t-SNE","volume":"9","author":"der Maaten Laurens Van","year":"2008","unstructured":"Laurens Van der Maaten and Geoffrey Hinton . 2008 . Visualizing data using t-SNE . Journal of machine learning research , Vol. 9 , 11 (2008). Laurens Van der Maaten and Geoffrey Hinton. 2008. Visualizing data using t-SNE. Journal of machine learning research , Vol. 9, 11 (2008).","journal-title":"Journal of machine learning research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","volume-title":"Nazneen Fatema Rajani, Bryan McCann, Vicente Ordonez, and Caiming Xiong.","author":"Wang Tianlu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tianlu Wang , Xi Victoria Lin , Nazneen Fatema Rajani, Bryan McCann, Vicente Ordonez, and Caiming Xiong. 2020 . Double-Hard Debias: Tailoring Word Embeddings for Gender Bias Mitigation. In Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) . Tianlu Wang, Xi Victoria Lin, Nazneen Fatema Rajani, Bryan McCann, Vicente Ordonez, and Caiming Xiong. 2020. Double-Hard Debias: Tailoring Word Embeddings for Gender Bias Mitigation. In Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_49_1","volume-title":"Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas. Behavior research methods","author":"Warriner Amy Beth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amy Beth Warriner , Victor Kuperman , and Marc Brysbaert . 2013. Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas. Behavior research methods , Vol. 45 , 4 ( 2013 ), 1191--1207. Amy Beth Warriner, Victor Kuperman, and Marc Brysbaert. 2013. Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas. Behavior research methods , Vol. 45, 4 (2013), 1191--1207."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1190"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533185"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_52_1","volume-title":"2022 b. Evidence for Hypodescent in Visual Semantic AI. arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.10764","author":"Wolfe Robert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Robert Wolfe , Mahzarin R Banaji , and Aylin Caliskan . 2022 b. Evidence for Hypodescent in Visual Semantic AI. arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.10764 ( 2022 ). Robert Wolfe, Mahzarin R Banaji, and Aylin Caliskan. 2022 b. Evidence for Hypodescent in Visual Semantic AI. arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.10764 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.41"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v36i10.21400"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_56_1","volume-title":"Mere exposure: A gateway to the subliminal. Current directions in psychological science","author":"Zajonc Robert B","year":"2001","unstructured":"Robert B Zajonc . 2001. Mere exposure: A gateway to the subliminal. Current directions in psychological science , Vol. 10 , 6 ( 2001 ), 224--228. Robert B Zajonc. 2001. Mere exposure: A gateway to the subliminal. Current directions in psychological science , Vol. 10, 6 (2001), 224--228."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_57_1","volume-title":"Gender bias in contextualized word embeddings. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.03310","author":"Zhao Jieyu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jieyu Zhao , Tianlu Wang , Mark Yatskar , Ryan Cotterell , Vicente Ordonez , and Kai-Wei Chang . 2019. Gender bias in contextualized word embeddings. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.03310 ( 2019 ). Jieyu Zhao, Tianlu Wang, Mark Yatskar, Ryan Cotterell, Vicente Ordonez, and Kai-Wei Chang. 2019. Gender bias in contextualized word embeddings. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.03310 (2019)."}],"event":{"name":"AIES '22: AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","location":"Oxford United Kingdom","acronym":"AIES '22","sponsor":["SIGAI ACM Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence","AAAI"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2022 AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3514094.3534162","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3514094.3534162","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T15:02:36Z","timestamp":1750172556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3514094.3534162"}},"subtitle":["A Comprehensive Analysis of Frequency, Syntax, and Semantics"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3514094.3534162","10.1145\/3514094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3514094.3534162","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}