{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:44:34Z","timestamp":1753922674483,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]],"date-time":"2022-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000936","name":"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000936","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation's U.S. Democracy Program"},{"name":"Democracy Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Digit. Gov.: Res. Pract."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            As the U.S. and the world struggle through the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for science and technology (S&amp;T) expertise in governance has become even more stark. But in the U.S., the vast majority of legislators and their staffs is generalist, and they have limited resources for engaging with S&amp;T. This can be a barrier to both legislative branch oversight of S&amp;T-related issues and the development of evidence-based public policies, two functions that are especially critical in times of crisis. The obstacles to addressing these gaps have, however, created opportunities for innovations in how lawmakers connect with S&amp;T resources, resulting in new models for scientist-policymaker engagement. Our program, the\n            <jats:underline>Congressional Science Policy Initiative<\/jats:underline>\n            , experiments with models for connecting crowdsourced S&amp;T expertise with policymakers, namely, by enriching key congressional hearings with contributions gathered from the science community, organizing advisory councils of scientists and engineers that brief lawmakers, and crowdsourcing technical assistance from the S&amp;T community for legislative initiatives. These activities, which rely on the collective intelligence of the S&amp;T community and have been readily applied to supporting lawmakers\u2019 decision-making processes during the pandemic, have bolstered legislative branch oversight of the executive branch, fact-finding into corporate practices, and evidence-based policymaking.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3524065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T11:29:13Z","timestamp":1648639753000},"page":"1-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Crowdsourcing Science and Technology Expertise to Empower Legislative Branch Oversight and Policymaking"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3274-8198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federation of American Scientists, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsay K.","family":"Milliken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federation of American Scientists, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"Congress.gov. 2021. Congress.gov: the official website for U.S. federal legislative information. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/committees."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2012955118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","unstructured":"Eagleton Science and Politics Initiative. 2021. Scientists engineers and healthcare Professionals in U.S. state legislatures: A Database. Retrieved from https:\/\/eagleton.rutgers.edu\/scientists-in-state-politics\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.38126\/JSPG190103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","unstructured":"Michael A. Fisher and Lindsay K. Milliken. 2021. Why and how faculty should participate in U.S. policy making. (August 2021). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/advice\/2021\/08\/17\/key-steps-faculty-should-take-facilitate-use-science-policy-making-opinion."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","unstructured":"GovLab. 2020a. Congressional science policy initiative: More than 600 volunteer scientists across the USA Are Informing the Work of Congress (Collective Intelligence Case Study). Retrieved from http:\/\/collective-intelligence.thegovlab.org\/case\/congressional-science-policy-initiative."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","unstructured":"GovLab. 2020b. Congressional science policy initiative: More than 600 volunteer scientists across the USA informing the work of congress (CrowdLaw Case Study). Retrieved from https:\/\/congress.crowd.law\/case-congressional-science-policy-initiative.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/joitmc5030053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","unstructured":"Mike Miesen Laura Manley Maeve Campbell Chris Kuang and Emily Roseman. 2019. Building a 21st Century Congress: Improving Congress's Science and Technology Expertise. (Sept. 2019). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.belfercenter.org\/publication\/building-21st-century-congress-improving-congresss-science-and-technology-expertise."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","unstructured":"The National Academy of Public Administration. 2019. Science and Technology Policy Assessment: A Congressionally Directed Review. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.napawash.org\/uploads\/Academy_Studies\/NAPA_FinalReport_forCRS_110119.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","unstructured":"The National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. 2018. Education for the 21st Century. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nap.edu\/read\/25038\/chapter\/1."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","unstructured":"Ali Nouri. 2020. Congress needs more scientific expertise to fight COVID-19. (April 2020). Retrieved from https:\/\/blogs.scientificamerican.com\/observations\/congress-needs-more-scientific-expertise-to-fight-covid-19\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","unstructured":"Jennifer Pearl and Ali Nouri. 2020. The crucial need for public service scientists. (July 2020). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/views\/2020\/07\/22\/colleges-should-encourage-stem-faculty-and-students-participate-public-policy."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","unstructured":"Chris Tyler and Karen Akerlof. 2019. Three secrets of survival in science advice. (February 2019). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-00518-x."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","unstructured":"Justin Warner and Grant Tudor. 2019. The Congressional Futures Office. (May 2019). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.belfercenter.org\/publication\/congressional-futures-office."}],"container-title":["Digital Government: Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3524065","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3524065","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T19:31:04Z","timestamp":1750188664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3524065"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3524065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3524065","relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-199X","2639-0175"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2691-199X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2639-0175"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-01-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}