{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:54:56Z","timestamp":1776095696386,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":54,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3524613.3527813","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T16:37:23Z","timestamp":1666024643000},"page":"114-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["An empirical study of privacy labels on the Apple iOS mobile app store"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Gian Luca","family":"Scoccia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Autili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Stilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Inverardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuvraj Agarwal and Malcolm Hall. 2013. ProtectMyPrivacy: detecting and mitigating privacy leaks on iOS devices using crowdsourcing. &lt;u&gt;In Proceeding of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile systems applications and services.&lt;\/u&gt; 97--110.  Yuvraj Agarwal and Malcolm Hall. 2013. ProtectMyPrivacy: detecting and mitigating privacy leaks on iOS devices using crowdsourcing. &lt;u&gt;In Proceeding of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile systems applications and services.&lt;\/u&gt; 97--110.","DOI":"10.1145\/2462456.2464460"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Devdatta Akhawe and Adrienne Porter Felt. 2013. Alice in warningland: A large-scale field study of browser security warning effectiveness. In &lt;u&gt;22nd {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 13)&lt;\/u&gt;. 257--272.  Devdatta Akhawe and Adrienne Porter Felt. 2013. Alice in warningland: A large-scale field study of browser security warning effectiveness. In &lt;u&gt;22nd {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 13)&lt;\/u&gt;. 257--272."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Studying users? adaptation to android?s run-time fine-grained access control system. &lt;u&gt;Journal of information security and applications&lt;\/u&gt","author":"Andriotis Panagiotis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Panagiotis Andriotis , Gianluca Stringhini , and Martina Angela Sasse . 2018. Studying users? adaptation to android?s run-time fine-grained access control system. &lt;u&gt;Journal of information security and applications&lt;\/u&gt ; 40 ( 2018 ), 31--43. Panagiotis Andriotis, Gianluca Stringhini, and Martina Angela Sasse. 2018. Studying users? adaptation to android?s run-time fine-grained access control system. &lt;u&gt;Journal of information security and applications&lt;\/u&gt; 40 (2018), 31--43."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Manoj Balasubramanian. 2021. &lt;u&gt;App Tracking Transparency Opt-In Rate - Monthly Updates&lt;\/u&gt;. https:\/\/www.flurry.com\/blog\/att-opt-in-rate-monthly-updates\/  Manoj Balasubramanian. 2021. &lt;u&gt;App Tracking Transparency Opt-In Rate - Monthly Updates&lt;\/u&gt;. https:\/\/www.flurry.com\/blog\/att-opt-in-rate-monthly-updates\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Lorrie Faith Cranor, and Carolyn Nguyen","author":"Balebako Rebecca","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rebecca Balebako , Jaeyeon Jung , Wei Lu , Lorrie Faith Cranor, and Carolyn Nguyen . 2013 . \"Little brothers watching you\" raising awareness of data leaks on smartphones. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security .&lt;\/u&gt; 1--11. Rebecca Balebako, Jaeyeon Jung, Wei Lu, Lorrie Faith Cranor, and Carolyn Nguyen. 2013. \"Little brothers watching you\" raising awareness of data leaks on smartphones. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security.&lt;\/u&gt; 1--11."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rainer B\u00f6hme and Jens Grossklags. 2011. The security cost of cheap user interaction. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 2011 New Security Paradigms Workshop.&lt;\/u&gt; 67--82.  Rainer B\u00f6hme and Jens Grossklags. 2011. The security cost of cheap user interaction. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 2011 New Security Paradigms Workshop.&lt;\/u&gt; 67--82.","DOI":"10.1145\/2073276.2073284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Wallach","author":"Book Theodore","year":"2013","unstructured":"Theodore Book , Adam Pridgen , and Dan S . Wallach . 2013 . Longitudinal Analysis of Android Ad Library Permissions . &lt;u&gt;CoRR&lt;\/u&gt; abs\/1303.0857 (2013). Theodore Book, Adam Pridgen, and Dan S. Wallach. 2013. Longitudinal Analysis of Android Ad Library Permissions. &lt;u&gt;CoRR&lt;\/u&gt; abs\/1303.0857 (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Practical guidelines for measurement-based process improvement. &lt;u&gt;Software Process: Improvement and Practice&lt;\/u&gt","author":"Briand Lionel C","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lionel C Briand , Christiane M Differding , and H Dieter Rombach . 1996. Practical guidelines for measurement-based process improvement. &lt;u&gt;Software Process: Improvement and Practice&lt;\/u&gt ; 2, 4 ( 1996 ), 253--280. Lionel C Briand, Christiane M Differding, and H Dieter Rombach. 1996. Practical guidelines for measurement-based process improvement. &lt;u&gt;Software Process: Improvement and Practice&lt;\/u&gt; 2, 4 (1996), 253--280."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paolo Calciati Konstantin Kuznetsov Alessandra Gorla and Andreas Zeller. 2020. Automatically Granted Permissions in Android apps: An Empirical Study on their Prevalence and on the Potential Threats for Privacy. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories&lt;\/u&gt;. 114--124.  Paolo Calciati Konstantin Kuznetsov Alessandra Gorla and Andreas Zeller. 2020. Automatically Granted Permissions in Android apps: An Empirical Study on their Prevalence and on the Potential Threats for Privacy. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories&lt;\/u&gt;. 114--124.","DOI":"10.1145\/3379597.3387469"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"The goal question metric approach. &lt;u&gt;Encyclopedia of software engineering&lt;\/u&gt","author":"Gianluigi Caldiera Victor R","year":"1994","unstructured":"Victor R Basili1 Gianluigi Caldiera and H Dieter Rombach . 1994. The goal question metric approach. &lt;u&gt;Encyclopedia of software engineering&lt;\/u&gt ; ( 1994 ), 528--532. Victor R Basili1 Gianluigi Caldiera and H Dieter Rombach. 1994. The goal question metric approach. &lt;u&gt;Encyclopedia of software engineering&lt;\/u&gt; (1994), 528--532."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"The New York Times Company. 2021. &lt;u&gt;What We Learned From Apple's New Privacy Labels.&lt;\/u&gt; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/01\/27\/technology\/personaltech\/apple-privacy-labels.html  The New York Times Company. 2021. &lt;u&gt;What We Learned From Apple's New Privacy Labels.&lt;\/u&gt; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/01\/27\/technology\/personaltech\/apple-privacy-labels.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"William Jay Conover. 1999. &lt;u&gt;Practical nonparametric statistics&lt;\/u&gt;. Vol. 350. john wiley & sons.  William Jay Conover. 1999. &lt;u&gt;Practical nonparametric statistics&lt;\/u&gt;. Vol. 350. john wiley & sons."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Donald Thomas Campbell, and Arles Day","author":"Cook Thomas D","year":"1979","unstructured":"Thomas D Cook , Donald Thomas Campbell, and Arles Day . 1979 . &lt;u&gt;Quasi-experimentation: Design & analysis issues for field settings&lt;\/u&gt;. Vol. 351 . Houghton Mifflin Boston . Thomas D Cook, Donald Thomas Campbell, and Arles Day. 1979. &lt;u&gt;Quasi-experimentation: Design & analysis issues for field settings&lt;\/u&gt;. Vol. 351. Houghton Mifflin Boston."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soteris Demetriou Whitney Merrill Wei Yang Aston Zhang and Carl A Gunter. 2016. Free for All! Assessing User Data Exposure to Advertising Libraries on Android. In &lt;u&gt;NDSS&lt;\/u&gt;.  Soteris Demetriou Whitney Merrill Wei Yang Aston Zhang and Carl A Gunter. 2016. Free for All! Assessing User Data Exposure to Advertising Libraries on Android. In &lt;u&gt;NDSS&lt;\/u&gt;.","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2016.23082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"iris: Vetting private api abuse in ios applications. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security.&lt;\/u&gt","author":"Deng Zhui","unstructured":"Zhui Deng , Brendan Saltaformaggio , Xiangyu Zhang , and Dongyan Xu. 2015. iris: Vetting private api abuse in ios applications. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security.&lt;\/u&gt ; 44--56. Zhui Deng, Brendan Saltaformaggio, Xiangyu Zhang, and Dongyan Xu. 2015. iris: Vetting private api abuse in ios applications. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security.&lt;\/u&gt; 44--56."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"How unique is your web browser?. In &lt;u&gt;International Symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium.&lt;\/u&gt","author":"Eckersley Peter","unstructured":"Peter Eckersley . 2010. How unique is your web browser?. In &lt;u&gt;International Symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium.&lt;\/u&gt ; Springer , 1--18. Peter Eckersley. 2010. How unique is your web browser?. In &lt;u&gt;International Symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium.&lt;\/u&gt; Springer, 1--18."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Lorrie Faith Cranor, and Hanan Hibshi","author":"Emami-Naeini Pardis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pardis Emami-Naeini , Yuvraj Agarwal , Lorrie Faith Cranor, and Hanan Hibshi . 2020 . Ask the experts: What should be on an IoT privacy and security label?. In &lt;u&gt;2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP).&lt;\/u&gt; IEEE , 447--464. Pardis Emami-Naeini, Yuvraj Agarwal, Lorrie Faith Cranor, and Hanan Hibshi. 2020. Ask the experts: What should be on an IoT privacy and security label?. In &lt;u&gt;2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP).&lt;\/u&gt; IEEE, 447--464."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Permission based Android security: Issues and countermeasures. &lt;u&gt;computers & security&lt;\/u&gt","author":"Fang Zheran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zheran Fang , Weili Han , and Yingjiu Li. 2014. Permission based Android security: Issues and countermeasures. &lt;u&gt;computers & security&lt;\/u&gt ; 43 ( 2014 ), 205--218. Zheran Fang, Weili Han, and Yingjiu Li. 2014. Permission based Android security: Issues and countermeasures. &lt;u&gt;computers & security&lt;\/u&gt; 43 (2014), 205--218."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Angel or devil? a privacy study of mobile parental control apps. &lt;u&gt;Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies&lt;\/u&gt","author":"Feal \u00c1lvaro","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00c1lvaro Feal , Paolo Calciati , Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez , Carmela Troncoso , and Alessandra Gorla . 2020. Angel or devil? a privacy study of mobile parental control apps. &lt;u&gt;Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies&lt;\/u&gt ; 2020 , 2 (2020), 314--335. \u00c1lvaro Feal, Paolo Calciati, Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez, Carmela Troncoso, and Alessandra Gorla. 2020. Angel or devil? a privacy study of mobile parental control apps. &lt;u&gt;Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies&lt;\/u&gt; 2020, 2 (2020), 314--335."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Android permissions demystified. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Computer and communications security.&lt;\/u&gt","author":"Felt Adrienne Porter","unstructured":"Adrienne Porter Felt , Erika Chin , Steve Hanna , Dawn Song , and David Wagner . 2011. Android permissions demystified. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Computer and communications security.&lt;\/u&gt ; 627--638. Adrienne Porter Felt, Erika Chin, Steve Hanna, Dawn Song, and David Wagner. 2011. Android permissions demystified. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Computer and communications security.&lt;\/u&gt; 627--638."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Adrienne Porter Felt Serge Egelman Matthew Finifter Devdatta Akhawe David A Wagner etal 2012. How to Ask for Permission. &lt;u&gt;HotSec&lt;\/u&gt; 12 (2012) 7--7.  Adrienne Porter Felt Serge Egelman Matthew Finifter Devdatta Akhawe David A Wagner et al. 2012. How to Ask for Permission. &lt;u&gt;HotSec&lt;\/u&gt; 12 (2012) 7--7."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Adrienne Porter Felt Elizabeth Ha Serge Egelman Ariel Haney Erika Chin and David Wagner. 2012. Android permissions: User attention comprehension and behavior. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the eighth symposium on usable privacy and security.&lt;\/u&gt; 1--14.  Adrienne Porter Felt Elizabeth Ha Serge Egelman Ariel Haney Erika Chin and David Wagner. 2012. Android permissions: User attention comprehension and behavior. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the eighth symposium on usable privacy and security.&lt;\/u&gt; 1--14."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Gartner Says Free Apps Will Account for Nearly 90 Percent of Total Mobile App Store Downloads","author":"Gartner Inc","year":"2012","unstructured":"Inc Gartner . 2012. Gartner Says Free Apps Will Account for Nearly 90 Percent of Total Mobile App Store Downloads in 2012 . http:\/\/www.gartner.com\/newsroom\/id\/2153215. Inc Gartner. 2012. Gartner Says Free Apps Will Account for Nearly 90 Percent of Total Mobile App Store Downloads in 2012. http:\/\/www.gartner.com\/newsroom\/id\/2153215."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Androidleaks: Automatically detecting potential privacy leaks in android applications on a large scale. &lt;u&gt;In International Conference on Trust and Trustworthy Computing&lt;\/u&gt;","author":"Gibler Clint","year":"2012","unstructured":"Clint Gibler , Jonathan Crussell , Jeremy Erickson , and Hao Chen . 2012 . Androidleaks: Automatically detecting potential privacy leaks in android applications on a large scale. &lt;u&gt;In International Conference on Trust and Trustworthy Computing&lt;\/u&gt; . Springer , 291--307. Clint Gibler, Jonathan Crussell, Jeremy Erickson, and Hao Chen. 2012. Androidleaks: Automatically detecting potential privacy leaks in android applications on a large scale. &lt;u&gt;In International Conference on Trust and Trustworthy Computing&lt;\/u&gt;. Springer, 291--307."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael C Grace Wu Zhou Xuxian Jiang and Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi. 2012. Unsafe exposure analysis of mobile in-app advertisements. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the fifth ACM conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks.&lt;\/u&gt; 101--112.  Michael C Grace Wu Zhou Xuxian Jiang and Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi. 2012. Unsafe exposure analysis of mobile in-app advertisements. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the fifth ACM conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks.&lt;\/u&gt; 101--112.","DOI":"10.1145\/2185448.2185464"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Comparing Mobile Privacy Protection through Cross-Platform Applications. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of NDSS 2013: Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, 24--27 February","author":"Jin HAN","unstructured":"Jin HAN , Qiang YAN, Debin GAO , Jianying ZHOU, and Robert H DENG. 2013. Comparing Mobile Privacy Protection through Cross-Platform Applications. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of NDSS 2013: Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, 24--27 February , San Diego .&lt;\/u&gt; Jin HAN, Qiang YAN, Debin GAO, Jianying ZHOU, and Robert H DENG. 2013. Comparing Mobile Privacy Protection through Cross-Platform Applications. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of NDSS 2013: Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, 24--27 February, San Diego.&lt;\/u&gt;"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Apple Inc. 2020. &lt;u&gt;App privacy details on the App Store&lt;\/u&gt;. https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/app-store\/app-privacy-details\/  Apple Inc. 2020. &lt;u&gt;App privacy details on the App Store&lt;\/u&gt;. https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/app-store\/app-privacy-details\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Apple Inc. 2020. &lt;u&gt;App Store Review Guidelines.&lt;\/u&gt; https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/app-store\/review\/guidelines\/#health-and-health-research  Apple Inc. 2020. &lt;u&gt;App Store Review Guidelines.&lt;\/u&gt; https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/app-store\/review\/guidelines\/#health-and-health-research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Apple Inc. 2020. &lt;u&gt;User Privacy and Data Use.&lt;\/u&gt; https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/app-store\/user-privacy-and-data-use\/  Apple Inc. 2020. &lt;u&gt;User Privacy and Data Use.&lt;\/u&gt; https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/app-store\/user-privacy-and-data-use\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Developer mistakes in writing android manifests: An empirical study of configuration errors. In &lt;u&gt;2017 IEEE\/ACM 14th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR)&lt;\/u&gt;","author":"Jha Ajay Kumar","unstructured":"Ajay Kumar Jha , Sunghee Lee , and Woo Jin Lee . 2017. Developer mistakes in writing android manifests: An empirical study of configuration errors. In &lt;u&gt;2017 IEEE\/ACM 14th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR)&lt;\/u&gt; . IEEE , 25--36. Ajay Kumar Jha, Sunghee Lee, and Woo Jin Lee. 2017. Developer mistakes in writing android manifests: An empirical study of configuration errors. In &lt;u&gt;2017 IEEE\/ACM 14th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR)&lt;\/u&gt;. IEEE, 25--36."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Lorrie Faith Cranor, and Robert W Reeder","author":"Kelley Patrick Gage","year":"2009","unstructured":"Patrick Gage Kelley , Joanna Bresee , Lorrie Faith Cranor, and Robert W Reeder . 2009 . A \"nutrition label\" for privacy. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security .&lt;\/u&gt; 1--12. Patrick Gage Kelley, Joanna Bresee, Lorrie Faith Cranor, and Robert W Reeder. 2009. A \"nutrition label\" for privacy. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security.&lt;\/u&gt; 1--12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Lorrie Faith Cranor, and Norman Sadeh","author":"Kelley Patrick Gage","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patrick Gage Kelley , Lorrie Faith Cranor, and Norman Sadeh . 2013 . Privacy as part of the app decision-making process. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems.&lt;\/u&gt; 3393--3402. Patrick Gage Kelley, Lorrie Faith Cranor, and Norman Sadeh. 2013. Privacy as part of the app decision-making process. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems.&lt;\/u&gt; 3393--3402."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Max Van Kleek, and Nigel Shadbolt","author":"Kollnig Konrad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Konrad Kollnig , Anastasia Shuba , Reuben Binns , Max Van Kleek, and Nigel Shadbolt . 2022 . Are iPhones Really Better for Privacy? Comparative Study of iOS and Android Apps. &lt;u&gt;Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies &lt;\/u&gt; 2022, 1 (2022), 6--27. Konrad Kollnig, Anastasia Shuba, Reuben Binns, Max Van Kleek, and Nigel Shadbolt. 2022. Are iPhones Really Better for Privacy? Comparative Study of iOS and Android Apps. &lt;u&gt;Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies&lt;\/u&gt; 2022, 1 (2022), 6--27."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Erich L Lehmann and Joseph P Romano. 2006. &lt;u&gt;Testing statistical hypotheses.&lt;\/u&gt; Springer Science & Business Media.  Erich L Lehmann and Joseph P Romano. 2006. &lt;u&gt;Testing statistical hypotheses.&lt;\/u&gt; Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Jialiu Lin Bin Liu Norman Sadeh and Jason I Hong. 2014. Modeling users? mobile app privacy preferences: Restoring usability in a sea of permission settings. In &lt;u&gt;10th Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security ({SOUPS} 2014)&lt;\/u&gt;. 199--212.  Jialiu Lin Bin Liu Norman Sadeh and Jason I Hong. 2014. Modeling users? mobile app privacy preferences: Restoring usability in a sea of permission settings. In &lt;u&gt;10th Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security ({SOUPS} 2014)&lt;\/u&gt;. 199--212."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Privacy-Preserving Generative Adversarial Network for Case-Based Explainability in Medical Image Analysis. &lt;u&gt","author":"Montenegro Helena","year":"2021","unstructured":"Helena Montenegro , Wilson Silva , and Jaime S Cardoso . 2021. Privacy-Preserving Generative Adversarial Network for Case-Based Explainability in Medical Image Analysis. &lt;u&gt ; IEEE Access &lt;\/u&gt; 9 ( 2021 ), 148037--148047. Helena Montenegro, Wilson Silva, and Jaime S Cardoso. 2021. Privacy-Preserving Generative Adversarial Network for Case-Based Explainability in Medical Image Analysis. &lt;u&gt;IEEE Access&lt;\/u&gt; 9 (2021), 148037--148047."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sara Motiee Kirstie Hawkey and Konstantin Beznosov. 2010. Do Windows users follow the principle of least privilege? Investigating user account control practices. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security.&lt;\/u&gt; 1--13.  Sara Motiee Kirstie Hawkey and Konstantin Beznosov. 2010. Do Windows users follow the principle of least privilege? Investigating user account control practices. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security.&lt;\/u&gt; 1--13.","DOI":"10.1145\/1837110.1837112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Midas Nouwens Ilaria Liccardi Michael Veale David Karger and Lalana Kagal. 2020. Dark patterns after the GDPR: Scraping consent pop-ups and demonstrating their influence. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems.&lt;\/u&gt; 1--13.  Midas Nouwens Ilaria Liccardi Michael Veale David Karger and Lalana Kagal. 2020. Dark patterns after the GDPR: Scraping consent pop-ups and demonstrating their influence. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems.&lt;\/u&gt; 1--13.","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376321"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Investigating user perception and comprehension of android permission models. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Mobile Software Engineering and Systems.&lt;\/u&gt","author":"Peruma Anthony","unstructured":"Anthony Peruma , Jeffrey Palmerino , and Daniel E Krutz . 2018. Investigating user perception and comprehension of android permission models. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Mobile Software Engineering and Systems.&lt;\/u&gt ; 56--66. Anthony Peruma, Jeffrey Palmerino, and Daniel E Krutz. 2018. Investigating user perception and comprehension of android permission models. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Mobile Software Engineering and Systems.&lt;\/u&gt; 56--66."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas Razaghpanah Rishab Nithyanand Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez Srikanth Sundaresan Mark Allman Christian Kreibich Phillipa Gill etal 2018. Apps trackers privacy and regulators: A global study of the mobile tracking ecosystem. In &lt;u&gt;The 25th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS 2018).&lt;\/u&gt;  Abbas Razaghpanah Rishab Nithyanand Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez Srikanth Sundaresan Mark Allman Christian Kreibich Phillipa Gill et al. 2018. Apps trackers privacy and regulators: A global study of the mobile tracking ecosystem. In &lt;u&gt;The 25th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS 2018).&lt;\/u&gt;","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2018.23353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez, and Serge Egelman.","author":"Reardon Joel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joel Reardon , \u00c1lvaro Feal , Primal Wijesekera , Amit Elazari Bar On , Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez, and Serge Egelman. 2019 . 50 ways to leak your data: An exploration of apps' circumvention of the android permissions system. In &lt;u&gt;28th {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 19).&lt;\/u&gt; 603--620. Joel Reardon, \u00c1lvaro Feal, Primal Wijesekera, Amit Elazari Bar On, Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez, and Serge Egelman. 2019. 50 ways to leak your data: An exploration of apps' circumvention of the android permissions system. In &lt;u&gt;28th {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 19).&lt;\/u&gt; 603--620."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"An inquiry into perception and usage of smartphone permission models. In &lt;u&gt;International Conference on Trust and Privacy in Digital Business.&lt;\/u&gt","author":"Reinfelder Lena","unstructured":"Lena Reinfelder , Andrea Schankin , Sophie Russ , and Zinaida Benenson . 2018. An inquiry into perception and usage of smartphone permission models. In &lt;u&gt;International Conference on Trust and Privacy in Digital Business.&lt;\/u&gt ; Springer , 9--22. Lena Reinfelder, Andrea Schankin, Sophie Russ, and Zinaida Benenson. 2018. An inquiry into perception and usage of smartphone permission models. In &lt;u&gt;International Conference on Trust and Privacy in Digital Business.&lt;\/u&gt; Springer, 9--22."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Jingjing Ren Martina Lindorfer Daniel J Dubois Ashwin Rao David Choffnes Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez etal 2018. Bug fixes improvements ... and privacy leaks. In &lt;u&gt;The 25th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS 2018).&lt;\/u&gt;  Jingjing Ren Martina Lindorfer Daniel J Dubois Ashwin Rao David Choffnes Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez et al. 2018. Bug fixes improvements ... and privacy leaks. In &lt;u&gt;The 25th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS 2018).&lt;\/u&gt;"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Amleto Di Salle, and Paola Inverardi","author":"Scoccia Gian Luca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gian Luca Scoccia , Ivano Malavolta , Marco Autili , Amleto Di Salle, and Paola Inverardi . 2019 . Enhancing trustability of android applications via user-centric flexible permissions. &lt;u&gt;IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering &lt;\/u&gt; 01 (2019), 1--1. Gian Luca Scoccia, Ivano Malavolta, Marco Autili, Amleto Di Salle, and Paola Inverardi. 2019. Enhancing trustability of android applications via user-centric flexible permissions. &lt;u&gt;IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering&lt;\/u&gt; 01 (2019), 1--1."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Permission issues in open-source Android apps: An exploratory study. In &lt;u&gt;2019 19th International Working Conference on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation (SCAM).&lt;\/u&gt","author":"Scoccia Gian Luca","unstructured":"Gian Luca Scoccia , Anthony Peruma , Virginia Pujols , Ivano Malavolta , and Daniel E Krutz . 2019. Permission issues in open-source Android apps: An exploratory study. In &lt;u&gt;2019 19th International Working Conference on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation (SCAM).&lt;\/u&gt ; IEEE , 238--249. Gian Luca Scoccia, Anthony Peruma, Virginia Pujols, Ivano Malavolta, and Daniel E Krutz. 2019. Permission issues in open-source Android apps: An exploratory study. In &lt;u&gt;2019 19th International Working Conference on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation (SCAM).&lt;\/u&gt; IEEE, 238--249."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"An investigation into Android run-time permissions from the end users' perspective. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 5th international conference on mobile software engineering and systems.&lt;\/u&gt","author":"Scoccia Gian Luca","unstructured":"Gian Luca Scoccia , Stefano Ruberto , Ivano Malavolta , Marco Autili , and Paola Inverardi . 2018. An investigation into Android run-time permissions from the end users' perspective. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 5th international conference on mobile software engineering and systems.&lt;\/u&gt ; 45--55. Gian Luca Scoccia, Stefano Ruberto, Ivano Malavolta, Marco Autili, and Paola Inverardi. 2018. An investigation into Android run-time permissions from the end users' perspective. In &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the 5th international conference on mobile software engineering and systems.&lt;\/u&gt; 45--55."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Iot security and privacy labels. In &lt;u&gt;Annual Privacy Forum.&lt;\/u&gt","author":"Shen Yun","unstructured":"Yun Shen and Pierre-Antoine Vervier . 2019. Iot security and privacy labels. In &lt;u&gt;Annual Privacy Forum.&lt;\/u&gt ; Springer , 136--147. Yun Shen and Pierre-Antoine Vervier. 2019. Iot security and privacy labels. In &lt;u&gt;Annual Privacy Forum.&lt;\/u&gt; Springer, 136--147."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forrest Shull Janice Singer and Dag IK Sj\u00f8berg. 2007. &lt;u&gt;Guide to advanced empirical software engineering.&lt;\/u&gt; Springer.  Forrest Shull Janice Singer and Dag IK Sj\u00f8berg. 2007. &lt;u&gt;Guide to advanced empirical software engineering.&lt;\/u&gt; Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84800-044-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Detecting permission over-claim of android applications with static and semantic analysis approach. In &lt;u&gt;2017 IEEE Trustcom\/BigDataSE\/ICESS","author":"Tang Junwei","unstructured":"Junwei Tang , Ruixuan Li , Hongmu Han , Heng Zhang , and Xiwu Gu. 2017. Detecting permission over-claim of android applications with static and semantic analysis approach. In &lt;u&gt;2017 IEEE Trustcom\/BigDataSE\/ICESS . IEEE ,&lt;\/u&gt; 706--713. Junwei Tang, Ruixuan Li, Hongmu Han, Heng Zhang, and Xiwu Gu. 2017. Detecting permission over-claim of android applications with static and semantic analysis approach. In &lt;u&gt;2017 IEEE Trustcom\/BigDataSE\/ICESS. IEEE,&lt;\/u&gt; 706--713."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. &lt;u&gt;Trends in sport sciences&lt;\/u&gt","author":"Tomczak Maciej","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maciej Tomczak and Ewa Tomczak . 2014. The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. &lt;u&gt;Trends in sport sciences&lt;\/u&gt ; 1, 21 ( 2014 ), 19--25. Maciej Tomczak and Ewa Tomczak. 2014. The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. &lt;u&gt;Trends in sport sciences&lt;\/u&gt; 1, 21 (2014), 19--25."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies&lt;\/u&gt","author":"Tu Zhen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhen Tu , Runtong Li , Yong Li , Gang Wang , Di Wu , Pan Hui , Li Su , and Depeng Jin . 2018. Your apps give you away: distinguishing mobile users by their app usage fingerprints. &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive , Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies&lt;\/u&gt ; 2, 3 ( 2018 ), 1--23. Zhen Tu, Runtong Li, Yong Li, Gang Wang, Di Wu, Pan Hui, Li Su, and Depeng Jin. 2018. Your apps give you away: distinguishing mobile users by their app usage fingerprints. &lt;u&gt;Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies&lt;\/u&gt; 2, 3 (2018), 1--23."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Inc. Wirecutter. 2021. &lt;u&gt;We Checked 250 iPhone Apps-This Is How They're Tracking You.&lt;\/u&gt; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/wirecutter\/blog\/how-iphone-apps-track-you\/  Inc. Wirecutter. 2021. &lt;u&gt;We Checked 250 iPhone Apps-This Is How They're Tracking You.&lt;\/u&gt; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/wirecutter\/blog\/how-iphone-apps-track-you\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claes Wohlin Per Runeson Martin H\u00f6st Magnus C Ohlsson Bj\u00f6rn Regnell and Anders Wessl\u00e9n. 2012. &lt;u&gt;Experimentation in software engineering.&lt;\/u&gt; Springer Science & Business Media.  Claes Wohlin Per Runeson Martin H\u00f6st Magnus C Ohlsson Bj\u00f6rn Regnell and Anders Wessl\u00e9n. 2012. &lt;u&gt;Experimentation in software engineering.&lt;\/u&gt; Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29044-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508859.2516676"}],"event":{"name":"MOBILESoft '22: IEEE\/ACM 9th International Conference on Mobile Software Engineering and Systems","location":"Pittsburgh Pennsylvania","acronym":"MOBILESoft '22","sponsor":["SIGSOFT ACM Special Interest Group on Software Engineering","IEEE CS"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 9th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Mobile Software Engineering and Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3524613.3527813","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3524613.3527813","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T18:09:54Z","timestamp":1750183794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3524613.3527813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3524613.3527813","10.1145\/3524613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3524613.3527813","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}