{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:14:40Z","timestamp":1750220080427,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Reconfigurable Technol. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Efficient architectures and implementations of median filters have been well investigated in the past. In this article, we focus on median filters for very big scientific applications with very large windows and an infinite stream of data, inspired by big data needs in the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) pulsar search engine, but transferable to other big data domains. We propose a novel approach for very large rectangular windows on an FPGA accelerator device able to support the processing of infinite streams of data. OpenCL is used for rapid parameter sweeping and design space exploration based on a pipelined model of the system. Evaluation on a host\/accelerator system with an Arria 10 device surpassed 64 million values processed per second considered for the SKA real time requirement, achieving 83.4M value\/s while reading from\/writing to disk. These results are compared with a state-of-the-art software implementation only achieving 41M value\/s for over twice the total system energy cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3530273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T11:54:33Z","timestamp":1651751673000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Median Filters on FPGAs for Infinite Data and Large, Rectangular Windows"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4121-2790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krystine Dawn","family":"Sherwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8450-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin I-Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4038-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabu","family":"Thiagaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9242-7041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Stappers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1550-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Sinnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPTA.2012.6469567"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.1997.648210"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2008.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","volume-title":"Introduction to Algorithms","author":"Cormen T. H.","year":"2009","unstructured":"T. H. Cormen. 2009. Introduction to Algorithms. The MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering of Reconfigurable Systems and Algorithms","author":"Czajkowski T. S.","year":"2012","unstructured":"T. S. Czajkowski, D. Neto, M. Kinsner, U. Aydonat, J. Wong, D. Denisenko, P. Yiannacouras, J. Freeman, D. P. Singh, and S. D. Brown. 2012. OpenCL for FPGAs: Prototyping a compiler. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering of Reconfigurable Systems and Algorithms. WorldComp, 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","volume-title":"SKA1 System Baseline Design","author":"Dewdney P.","year":"2013","unstructured":"P. Dewdney. 2013. SKA1 System Baseline Design. Technical Report. SKA Office."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cdt.2008.0119"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.211471"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSCAS.2019.8885009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1979.1163188"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1743921317009528"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2010.16471.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASICON52560.2021.9620528"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2007.902329"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11265-013-0799-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1975.1162749"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FCCM51124.2021.00058"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2010.5651855"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ReConFig.2013.6732283"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FPL.2018.00040"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"SKA. 2019. Frequently Asked Questions about the SKA. Retrieved 8 June 2022 from https:\/\/www.skatelescope.org\/frequently-asked-questions\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2010.69"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","first-page":"49","article-title":"Hierarchical histogram-based median filter for GPUs","volume":"15","author":"Sz\u00e1nt\u00f3 P.","year":"2018","unstructured":"P. Sz\u00e1nt\u00f3 and B. Feh\u00e9r. 2018. Hierarchical histogram-based median filter for GPUs. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica 15, 2 (2018), 49\u201368.","journal-title":"Acta Polytechnica Hungarica"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2006.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC-SmartCity-DSS.2016.0115"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1179352.1141918"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3530273","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3530273","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T18:09:24Z","timestamp":1750183764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3530273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3530273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3530273","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1936-7406"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1936-7414"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-07-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}