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However, the unique characteristics and requirements associated with Blockchain-based Software (BBS) systems raise new challenges across the development lifecycle that entail an extensive improvement of conventional software engineering. This article presents a systematic literature review of the state-of-the-art in BBS engineering research from the perspective of the software engineering discipline. We characterize BBS engineering based on the key aspects of\n            <jats:italic>theoretical foundations, processes, models<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>roles<\/jats:italic>\n            . Based on these aspects, we present a rich repertoire of development tasks, design principles, models, roles, challenges, and resolution techniques. The focus and depth of this survey not only give software engineering practitioners and researchers a consolidated body of knowledge about current BBS development but also underpin a starting point for further research in this field.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3530813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T11:14:43Z","timestamp":1651662883000},"page":"1-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Engineering Blockchain-based Software Systems: Foundations, Survey, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7196-7217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Fahmideh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern Queensland, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4928-7076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Grundy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3198-9638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aakash","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hail, Saudi Arabia and School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9403-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wollongong, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6474-1049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wollongong, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4271-9174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davoud","family":"Mougouei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern Queensland, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-9115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wollongong, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6175-8726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aditya","family":"Ghose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wollongong, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7687-1943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anuradha","family":"Gunawardana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wollongong, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2679-2275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe","family":"Aickelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3426-443X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babak","family":"Abedin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macquarie University, Australia"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Deloitte. 2019. 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