{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T07:14:44Z","timestamp":1785136484909,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Online firms frequently increase profit by selling optional extras. However, opt-in rates tend to be low. In response, questionable design practices have emerged to nudge consumers into inadvertent choices. Many of these design constructs are presented using an opt-out design. Using eye tracking and think-aloud data techniques, this research investigates the impact of the framing and optionality of micro-decisions on user perceptions and error rates. Focusing on opt-out decisions, the study found: up to one in three users make errors in decision-making; there is a higher error rate for rejection-framed opt-out decisions; users widely misinterpret decision framing; and failure to read decision text results in rushed and unsighted decisions, even leading users to automatically construe un-ticked checkboxes as opt-in decisions. In talking afterwards about their experiences, users expressed strong negative emotions, feeling confused, manipulated and resentful. Many suggested they would, in practice, steer away from similar encounters toward more unambiguous and honest sites. These findings might alert managers and developers, tempted to use dark patterns, that such a strategy might backfire over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3531005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T12:25:19Z","timestamp":1651494319000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Dissecting Optional Micro-Decisions in Online Transactions: Perceptions, Deceptions, and Errors"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8410-4346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mair\u00e9ad","family":"Hogan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Information Systems Discipline, J.E. Cairnes School of Business and Economics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3269-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Information Systems Discipline, J.E. Cairnes School of Business and Economics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7961-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Information Systems Discipline, J.E. Cairnes School of Business and Economics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"70","article-title":"Exacerbating mindless compliance: The danger of justifications during privacy decision making in the context of facebook applications","volume":"12","author":"Ghaiumy Anaraky Reza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anaraky Reza Ghaiumy, Bart P. Knijnenburg, and Risius Marten. 2020. Exacerbating mindless compliance: The danger of justifications during privacy decision making in the context of facebook applications. AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction 12, 2 (2020), 70\u201395.","journal-title":"AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI 2018","author":"Ghaiumy Anaraky Reza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anaraky Reza Ghaiumy, Nabizadeh Tahereh, Bart P. Knijnenburg, and Risius Marten. 2018. Reducing default and framing effects in privacy decision-making. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.8.2.71.8724"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2008.927274"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Applying the PEEP method in usability testing","volume":"67","year":"2006","unstructured":"Linden J. Ball, Eger Nicola, Stevens Robert, and Dodd Jon. 2006. Applying the PEEP method in usability testing. Interfaces, 67, Summer (2006), 15\u201319.","journal-title":"Interfaces"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Information Systems Development","author":"Chris Barry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barry Chris and Hogan Mair\u00e9ad. 2018. The weight of user decision making during online interactions - planning an experiment. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Information Systems Development."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Information Systems Development","author":"Chris Barry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barry Chris, Hogan Mair\u00e9ad, and Ann M. Torres. 2014. Confirming a taxonomy of decision constructs in business-to-consumer commercial transactions. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Information Systems Development. 2\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Information System Development: Transforming Healthcare Through Information Systems","author":"Chris Barry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barry Chris, Hogan Mair\u00e9ad, and Ann M. Torres. 2016. Framing or gaming? Constructing a study to explore the impact of option presentation on consumers. In Proceedings of the Information System Development: Transforming Healthcare Through Information Systems. Springer International Publishing, 111\u2013124."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Information System Development: Improving Enterprise Communication","author":"Chris Barry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barry Chris, Hogan Mair\u00e9ad, and Ann M. Torres. 2014. Identifying essential and optional decision constructs in on-line transactional processes. In Proceedings of the Information System Development: Improving Enterprise Communication, M. J. Escalona, G. Arag\u00f3n, H. Linger, M. Lang, C. Barry, and C. Schneider (Eds.). Springer."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","first-page":"24","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Information Systems Development","author":"Chris Barry","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barry Chris, Hogan Mair\u00e9ad, and Ann M. Torres. 2011. Perceptions of low cost carriers\u2019 compliance with eu legislation on optional extras. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Information Systems Development. 24\u201326."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106729"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellman Steven Eric J. Johnson and Gerald L. Lohse. 2001. On site: To opt-in or opt-out?: It depends on the question. Communications of the ACM 44 2 (2001) 25\u201327.","DOI":"10.1145\/359205.359241"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","volume-title":"The Importance of Default Options for Retirement Saving Outcomes: Evidence from the United States","author":"John Beshears","year":"2009","unstructured":"Beshears John, James J. Choi, Laibson David, and Brigitte C. Madrian. 2009. The Importance of Default Options for Retirement Saving Outcomes: Evidence from the United States. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human-Computer Interaction. New Trends","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bojko Agnieszka Aga. 2009. Informative or misleading? Heatmaps deconstructed. In Proceedings of the Human-Computer Interaction. New Trends. J. A. Jacko (Ed.). Springer-Verlag, 30\u201339."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"Brignull Harry. 2013. Dark patterns - inside the interfaces designed to trick you. (2013). https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2013\/8\/29\/4640308\/dark-patterns-inside-the-interfaces-designed-to-trick-you."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Dark patterns: Deception vs. Honesty in UI design","volume":"338","author":"Harry Brignull","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brignull Harry. 2011. Dark patterns: Deception vs. Honesty in UI design. Interaction Design, Usability 338, November (2011), 2\u20134.","journal-title":"Interaction Design, Usability"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21507716.2012.662576"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Causse Micka\u00ebl Lancelot Fran\u00e7ois Maillant Jordan Behrend Julia Cousy Mathieu and Schneider Nicolas. 2019. Encoding decisions and expertise in the operator's eyes: Using eye-tracking as input for system adaptation. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 125 May (2019) 55-65.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"CCPA. California Consumer Privacy Act. (2018). https:\/\/oag.ca.gov\/privacy\/ccpa."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Day Rong-Fuh Shyi Gary C.-W. and Wang Jyun-Cheng. 2006. The effect of flash banners on multiattribute decision making: Distractor or source of arousal? Psychology and Marketing 23 5 (2006) 369\u2013382.","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.20117"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"DeWitt Alex. 2010. Examining the order effect of website navigation menus with eye tracking. Journal of Usability Studies 6 1 (2010) 39\u201347."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leandro L. Di Stasi Antol\u00ed Adoraci\u00f3n Gea Miguel and Ca\u00f1as Jos\u00e9 J. 2011. A neuroergonomic approach to evaluating mental workload in hypermedia interactions. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 41 3 (2011) 298\u2013304.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2011.02.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.277","article-title":"Reading text when studying in a second language: An eye-tracking study","volume":"55","author":"Nicolas Dirix","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dirix Nicolas, Vander Beken Heleen, De Bruyne Ellen, Brysbaert Marc, and Duyck Wouter. 2019. Reading text when studying in a second language: An eye-tracking study. Reading Research Quarterly 55, 3 (2019), 371\u2013397.","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Eye tracking and web experience","volume":"6","author":"Soussan Djamasbi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Djamasbi Soussan. 2014. Eye tracking and web experience. AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction 6, 2 (2014), 37\u201354.","journal-title":"AIS"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/JEC1086-4415150404"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","author":"Soussan Djamasbi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Djamasbi Soussan, Siegel Marisa, Tullis Tom, and Dai Rui. 2010. Efficiency, trust, and visual appeal: Usability testing through eye tracking. In Proceedings of the 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebeling Felix and Lotz Sebastian. 2015. Domestic uptake of green energy promoted by opt-out tariffs. Nature Climate Change 5 9 (2015) 868\u2013871.","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2681"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"European ecommerce report 2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","unstructured":"European Union. Directive 2011\/83\/EU of the European parliament and of the council of 25 October 2011 on consumer rights. (2011). https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2011\/83\/oj."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","unstructured":"European Union. Recital 32 General data protection regulation. (2018). https:\/\/www.privacy-regulation.eu\/en\/recital-32-GDPR.htm."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","first-page":"219","article-title":"Examining information processing on the world wide web using think aloud protocols","volume":"2","year":"2000","unstructured":"William P. Eveland and Dunwoody Sharon. 2000. Examining information processing on the world wide web using think aloud protocols. Media Psychology 2, 3 (2000), 219\u2013244.","journal-title":"Media"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeea.12019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","unstructured":"Mark R. Warner Deb Fischer Amy Klobuchar and John Thune. 2019. Lawmakers Reintroduce Bipartisan Bicameral Legislation to Ban Manipulative 'Dark Patterns'. https:\/\/www.warner.senate.gov\/public\/index.cfm\/2021\/12\/lawmakers-reintroduce-bipartisan-bicameral-legislation-to-ban-manipulative-dark-patterns."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(82)90008-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.684"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174108"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI 2006","author":"Zhiwei Guan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guan Zhiwei, Lee Shirley, Cuddihy Elisabeth, and Ramey Judith. 2006. The validity of the stimulated retrospective think-aloud method as measured by eye tracking. In Proceedings of the CHI 2006."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0887302X09359935"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.072"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","article-title":"An eye tracking study of optional decision constructs in B2C transactional processes","author":"Mair\u00e9ad Hogan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hogan Mair\u00e9ad, Barry Chris, and Ann M. Torres. 2015. An eye tracking study of optional decision constructs in B2C transactional processes. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on WWW\/INTERNET.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on WWW\/INTERNET"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hogan Mair\u00e9ad Barry Chris and Ann M. Torres. 2014. Theorising and testing a taxonomy of decision constructs. Journal of Consumer Behaviour 13 3 (2014) 171\u2013185.","DOI":"10.1362\/147539214X14103453768660"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreas Holzinger. 2005. Usability engineering methods for software developers. Communications of the ACM 48 1 71\u201374.","DOI":"10.1145\/1039539.1039541"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","article-title":"GDPR: The end of Google and Facebook or a new paradigm in data privacy","volume":"25","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kimberly A. Houser and Voss W. Gregory. 2018. GDPR: The end of Google and Facebook or a new paradigm in data privacy. Richmond Journal of Law & Technology 25, 1 (2018) 1.","journal-title":"Richmond Journal of Law & Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Yu-Feng and Kuo Feng-Yang. 2011. An eye-tracking investigation of internet consumers' decision deliberateness. Internet Research. 21 5 (2011) 541\u2013561.","DOI":"10.1108\/10662241111176362"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Using an eye-tracking approach to explore gender differences in visual attention and shopping attitudes in an online shopping environment","volume":"34","author":"Min Hwang Yoon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hwang Yoon Min and Lee Kun Chang. 2017. Using an eye-tracking approach to explore gender differences in visual attention and shopping attitudes in an online shopping environment. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction 34, 1 (2017), 15\u201324.","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyrskykari Aulikki Ovaska Saila Majaranta P\u00e4ivi R\u00e4ih\u00e4 Kari-Jouko and Lehtinen Merja. 2008. Gaze path stimulation in retrospective think-aloud. Journal of Eye Movement Research 2 4 (2008) 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.2.4.5"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1002\/cb.1861","article-title":"Who can be nudged? Examining nudging effectiveness in the context of need for cognition and need for uniqueness","volume":"20","author":"Moritz Ingendahl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ingendahl Moritz, Hummel Dennis, Maedche Alexander, and Vogel Tobias. 2020. Who can be nudged? Examining nudging effectiveness in the context of need for cognition and need for uniqueness. Journal of Consumer Behaviour 20, 2 (2020), 324\u2013366.","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Behaviour"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2017.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eric J. Johnson Bellman Stephen and Gerald L. Lohse. 2002. Defaults framing and privacy: Why opting in-opting out. Marketing letters 13 1 (2002) 5\u201315.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015044207315"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091721"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","first-page":"75","article-title":"Did you not understand the question or not? An investigation of negatively worded questions in survey research","volume":"20","author":"Johnson Jill M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jill M. Johnson, Dennis N. Bristow, and Kenneth C. Schneider. 2004. Did you not understand the question or not? An investigation of negatively worded questions in survey research. Journal of Applied Business Research 20, 1 (2004), 75\u201386.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Business Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Usability and Internationalization","author":"Byungjoo Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim Byungjoo, Dong Ying, Kim Sungjin, and Lee Kun-Pyo. 2007. Development of integrated analysis system and tool of perception, recognition, and behavior for web usability test: With emphasis on eye-tracking, mouse-tracking, and retrospective think aloud. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Usability and Internationalization. Springer, 113\u2013121."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","volume-title":"Don't Make Me Think","author":"Steve Krug","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krug Steve. 2014. Don't Make Me Think. New Riders, Berkeley, CA."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo Feng-Yang Hsu Chiung-Wen and Day Rong-Fuh. 2009. An exploratory study of cognitive effort involved in decision under framing\u2014an application of the eye-tracking technology. Decision Support System 48 1 (2009) 81\u201391.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2009.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGMIS CPR Conference on Computer Personnel Research: Forty Four Years of Computer Personnel Research: Achievements, Challenges & the Future","author":"Yee-Lin Lai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lai Yee-Lin and Hui Kai-Lung. 2006. Internet opt-in and opt-out: Investigating the roles of frames, defaults and privacy concerns. In Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGMIS CPR Conference on Computer Personnel Research: Forty Four Years of Computer Personnel Research: Achievements, Challenges & the Future. ACM."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.1998.2804"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_1_58_2.1","unstructured":"Brigitte C. Madrian and Dennis F. Shea. 2001. The power of suggestion: Inertia in 401"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_1_58_2.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(k) participation and savings behavior. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 116 4 (2001) 1149-1187.","DOI":"10.1162\/003355301753265543"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/208882"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Arunesh Mathur","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mathur Arunesh, Acar Gunes, Michael J. Friedman, Lucherini Elena, Mayer Jonathan, Chetty Marshini, and Narayanan Arvind. 2019. Dark patterns at scale. In Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2014.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","volume-title":"Improving Your Human-Computer Interface: A Practical Technique","author":"Andrew Monk","year":"1993","unstructured":"Monk Andrew, Davenport Lora, Haber Jeanne, and Wright Peter. 1993. Improving Your Human-Computer Interface: A Practical Technique. Prentice Hall, New York."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dark patterns - past, present, and future: The evolution of tricky user interfaces","volume":"18","author":"Arvind Narayanan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Narayanan Arvind, Mathur Arunesh, Chetty Marshini, and Kshirsagar Mihir. 2020. Dark patterns - past, present, and future: The evolution of tricky user interfaces. ACMQueue 18, 2 (2020), 1\u201325.","journal-title":"ACMQueue"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Midas Nouwens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nouwens Midas, Liccardi Ilaria, Veale Michael, Karger David, and Kagal Lalana. 2020. Dark patterns after the GDPR: Scraping consent pop-ups and demonstrating their influence. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqz014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","first-page":"363","volume-title":"Electoral Studies","author":"Martin Paldam","year":"2000","unstructured":"Paldam Martin and Nannestad Peter. 2000. What do voters know about the economy? A study of Danish data, 1990\u20131993. Electoral Studies 19, 2\u20133 (2000), 363\u2013391."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","volume-title":"Eyetracking Methodology: How to Conduct and Evaluate Usability Studies Using Eyetracking","author":"Kara Pernice","unstructured":"Pernice Kara and Nielsen Jakob. Eyetracking Methodology: How to Conduct and Evaluate Usability Studies Using Eyetracking. Nielsen Norman Group Technical Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J075v08n01_02"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","first-page":"SI21","volume-title":"Language and Cognitive Processes","author":"Keith Rayner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rayner Keith, Sara C. Sereno, Robin K. Morris, Schmauder A. R\u00e9ne, and Clifton Charles. 1989. Eye movements and on-line language comprehension processes. Language and Cognitive Processes 4, 3\u20134 (1989), SI21\u2013SI49."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","unstructured":"Republic of Ireland. S.I. No. 484\/2013 - European Union (consumer information cancellation and other rights) regulations 2013. https:\/\/www.irishstatutebook.ie\/eli\/2013\/si\/484\/made\/en\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2012.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00055564"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-408138-3.00001-7","article-title":"Introduction to eye tracking","author":"Andrew Schall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schall Andrew and Romano Bergstrom Jennifer. 2014. Introduction to eye tracking. In Proceedings of the Eye Tracking in user Experience Design, Jennifer Romano Bergstrom and Andrew Jonathan Schall (Eds.). 3\u201326.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Eye Tracking in user Experience Design"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","first-page":"232","article-title":"The contribution of executive skills to reading comprehension","volume":"15","year":"2009","unstructured":"H. W. Sesma, E. M. Mahone, T. Levine, S. H. Eason, and L. E. Cutting. 2009. The contribution of executive skills to reading comprehension. Child Neuropsychology 15, 3, (2009), 232\u2013246.","journal-title":"Child"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5371(76)90015-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(73)80062-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Graduate students as surrogates for managers in business intelligence and analytics research: A preliminary study","author":"Yutong Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song Yutong, Arnott David, and Gao Shijia. 2020. Graduate students as surrogates for managers in business intelligence and analytics research: A preliminary study. Journal of Decision Systems. 31, 3 (2020), 1\u201325.","journal-title":"Journal of Decision Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","unstructured":"The Cambridge Dictionary. Opt-in. Retrieved 1 March 2021 from https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/opt-in."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","unstructured":"The Cambridge Dictionary. Opt-out. Retrieved 1 March 2021 from https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/opt-out."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10573569.2015.1030988"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Attitude towards online retailing services: A comparison of student and non-student samples","volume":"13","author":"Siohong Tih","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tih Siohong, Ennis Sean, and June M. L. Poon. 2008. Attitude towards online retailing services: A comparison of student and non-student samples. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance 13, 1 (2008), 113\u2013126.","journal-title":"Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th BLED eConference","author":"Ann Torres","year":"2014","unstructured":"Torres Ann, Barry Chris, and Hogan Mair\u00e9ad. 2014. The identification of decision constructs used in online transactional processes. In Proceedings of the 27th BLED eConference."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jairtraman.2009.02.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10844-020-00633-6","article-title":"Recommender systems in the healthcare domain: State-of-the-art and research issues","volume":"57","author":"Thi Ngoc Trang Tran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tran Thi Ngoc Trang, Felfernig Alexander, Trattner Christoph, and Holzinger Andreas. 2020. Recommender systems in the healthcare domain: State-of-the-art and research issues. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems 57, 1 (2021), 171\u2013201.","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7455683"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099003300105"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","unstructured":"United Kingdom. 2013. The consumer contracts (information cancellation and additional charges) regulations 2013. https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/2013\/3134\/contents\/made."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendrik P. van Dalen and Henkens K\u00e8ne. 2014. Comparing the effects of defaults in organ donation systems. Social Science and Medicine 106 April (2014) 137\u2013142.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.01.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0044929031000"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.11.091"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33752-0_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Heterogeneous Data Management, Polystores, and Analytics for Healthcare: VLDB 2018 Workshops, Poly and DMAH","author":"Wang Lun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lun Wang, Joseph P. Near, Neel Somani, Peng Gao, Andrew Low, David Dao, and Dawn Song. 2019. Data capsule: A new paradigm for automatic compliance with data privacy regulations. In Proceedings of the Heterogeneous Data Management, Polystores, and Analytics for Healthcare: VLDB 2018 Workshops, Poly and DMAH, Vijay Gadepally, Timothy Mattson, Michael Stonebraker, Fusheng Wang, Gang Luo, and George Teodoro (Eds.). Springer, 3\u201323."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","first-page":"97","article-title":"Influences of visual attention and reading time on children and adults","volume":"33","author":"Chun-Chun Wei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wei Chun-Chun and Ma Min-Yuan. 2016. Influences of visual attention and reading time on children and adults. Reading and Writing Quarterly 33, 2 (2016), 97\u2013108.","journal-title":"Reading and Writing Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3429888"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3531005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3531005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T18:09:27Z","timestamp":1750183767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3531005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3531005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3531005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-0516","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}