{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:56:51Z","timestamp":1768345011330,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":52,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3534627","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T14:27:10Z","timestamp":1655735230000},"page":"2083-2102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Theories of \u201cGender\u201d in NLP Bias Research"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Devinney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 University, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Bj\u00f6rklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala University, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Bj\u00f6rklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 University, Sweden"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/gjgl.721"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.485"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Tolga Bolukbasi Kai\u00a0Wei Chang James Zou Venkatesh Saligrama and Adam Kalai. 2016. Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? Debiasing word embeddings. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS Barcelona Spain 4356\u20134364. arxiv:1607.06520http:\/\/papers.nips.cc\/paper\/6228-man-is-to-computer-programmer-as-woman-is-to-homemaker-d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency(Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol.\u00a081)","author":"Buolamwini Joy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru. 2018. Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. In Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency(Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol.\u00a081), Sorelle\u00a0A. Friedler and Christo Wilson (Eds.). PMLR, New York, New York, USA, 77\u201391. https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v81\/buolamwini18a.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Judith Butler. 1999. Gender Trouble. Routledge New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.418"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1579"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Connell and Rebecca Pearse","author":"W.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raewyn\u00a0W. Connell and Rebecca Pearse. 2015. Gender: In World Perspective. Polity Press, Cambridge, UK."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Kirby Conrod. 2020. How to do things with gender. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jVr8NJwcMH4 Talk given for English Language and Linguistics at the University of Kent."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Matthew\u00a0S","author":"Corbett G.","unstructured":"Greville\u00a0G. Corbett. 2013. Number of Genders. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Matthew\u00a0S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (Eds.). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig. https:\/\/wals.info\/chapter\/30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, Barcelona, Spain (Online). https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/2020","author":"R.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marta\u00a0R. Costa-juss\u00e0, Christian Hardmeier, Will Radford, and Kellie Webster (Eds.). 2020. Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, Barcelona, Spain (Online). https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/2020.gebnlp-1.0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1229039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eleventh Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis. Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, 50\u201361","author":"Dayan\u0131k Erenay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erenay Dayan\u0131k and Sebastian Pad\u00f3. 2021. Disentangling Document Topic and Author Gender in Multiple Languages: Lessons for Adversarial Debiasing. In Proceedings of the Eleventh Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis. Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, 50\u201361. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2021.wassa-1.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.150"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, Barcelona, Spain (Online), 79\u201392","author":"Devinney Hannah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hannah Devinney, Jenny Bj\u00f6rklund, and Henrik Bj\u00f6rklund. 2020. Semi-Supervised Topic Modeling for Gender Bias Discovery in English and Swedish. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, Barcelona, Spain (Online), 79\u201392. https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/2020.gebnlp-1.8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Data Feminism","author":"D\u2019Ignazio Catherine","unstructured":"Catherine D\u2019Ignazio and Lauren\u00a0F Klein. 2020. Data Feminism. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.656"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Myths of Gender (2ed.)","author":"Fausto-Sterling Anne","unstructured":"Anne Fausto-Sterling. 1992. Myths of Gender (2ed.). Basic Books, New York, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Sexing the Body (1ed.)","author":"Fausto-Sterling Anne","unstructured":"Anne Fausto-Sterling. 2000. Sexing the Body (1ed.). Basic Books, New York, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720347115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"NeurIPS Joint Workshop on AI for Social Good. NeurIPS","author":"Green Ben","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ben Green. 2019. \u201dGood\u201d isn\u2019t good enough. In NeurIPS Joint Workshop on AI for Social Good. NeurIPS, Vancouver, Canada, 7\u00a0pages. https:\/\/aiforsocialgood.github.io\/neurips2019\/accepted\/track3\/pdfs\/67_aisg_neurips2019.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"The Work of Representation","author":"Hall Stuart","unstructured":"Stuart Hall. 2013. The Work of Representation. In Representation, Stuart Hall, Jessica Evans, and Sean Nixon (Eds.). Sage, 1\u201359."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa)","author":"Hansson Saga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saga Hansson, Konstantinos Mavromatakis, Yvonne Adesam, Gerlof Bouma, and Dana Dann\u00e9lls. 2021. The Swedish Winogender Dataset. In Proceedings of the 23rd Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa). Link\u00f6ping University Electronic Press, Sweden, Reykjavik, Iceland (Online), 452\u2013459. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2021.nodalida-main.52"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3178066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/146470010000100305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820958725"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Feminism is for Everybody","unstructured":"bell hooks. 2000. Feminism is for Everybody. Pluto Press, London, UK."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Langauge Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)","author":"Kang Dongyeop","unstructured":"Dongyeop Kang, Varun Gangal, and Eduard Hovy. 2019. (Male, Bachelor) and (Female, Ph.D) have different connotations: Parallelly Annotated Stylistic Language Dataset with Multiple Personas. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Langauge Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics, Hong Kong, 1696\u20131706. https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/D19-1179\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S18-2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence\u201a AAAI 2021. AAAI, Online, 9727\u20139736","author":"Kocijan Vid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vid Kocijan, Oana-Maria Camburu, and Thomas Lukasiewicz. 2020. The Gap on GAP: Tackling the Problem of Differing Data Distributions in Bias-Measuring Datasets. In Proceedings of the 35th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence\u201a AAAI 2021. AAAI, Online, 9727\u20139736. arxiv:2011.01837https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2011.01837v3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-1601"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62077-6_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Maria Teresa Herrera Vivar","author":"Lutz Helma","year":"2011","unstructured":"Helma Lutz, Maria Teresa Herrera Vivar, and Linda Supik (Eds.). 2011. Framing Intersectionality. Ashgate Publishing Limited, Farnham, England."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Stereotypes and Stereotyping, C.\u00a0Niel Macra","author":"Maass Anne","unstructured":"Anne Maass and Luciano Arcuri. 1996. Language and Stereotyping. In Stereotypes and Stereotyping, C.\u00a0Niel Macra, Charles Strangor, and Miles Hewstone (Eds.). Guilford Press, New York, NY, Chapter\u00a06, 193\u2013225."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.157"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.gebnlp-1.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2020.1808554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.486"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/TACL_A_00401"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Chase Strangio. 2018. Deadly Violence Against Transgender People Is on the Rise. The Government Isn\u2019t Helping.https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/blog\/lgbt-rights\/criminal-justice-reform-lgbt-people\/deadly-violence-against-transgender-people-rise"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"ACL 2019 - 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Proceedings of the Conference","author":"Sun Tony","year":"1906","unstructured":"Tony Sun, Andrew Gaut, Shirlyn Tang, Yuxin Huang, Mai ElSherief, Jieyu Zhao, Diba Mirza, Elizabeth Belding, Kai-Wei Chang, and William\u00a0Yang Wang. 2019. Mitigating Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing: Literature Review. In ACL 2019 - 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Proceedings of the Conference. Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Florence, Italy, 1630\u20131640. arxiv:1906.08976http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1906.08976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3306618.3314270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Investigating Gender Bias in Language Models Using Causal Mediation Analysis. In 34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020","author":"Vig Jesse","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jesse Vig, Sebastian Gehrmann, Yonatan Belinkov, Sharon Qian, Daniel Nevo, Yaron Singer, and Stuart Shieber. 2020. Investigating Gender Bias in Language Models Using Causal Mediation Analysis. In 34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020). NeurIPS, Vancouver, Canada, 14\u00a0pages. https:\/\/www.cs.technion.ac.il\/~belinkov\/assets\/pdf\/neurips2020.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.winlp-1.27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.380"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"EMNLP-IJCNLP 2019 - 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, Proceedings of the Conference","author":"Zhou Pei","year":"1909","unstructured":"Pei Zhou, Weijia Shi, Jieyu Zhao, Kuan-Hao Huang, Muhao Chen, Ryan Cotterell, and Kai-Wei Chang. 2019. Examining Gender Bias in Languages with Grammatical Gender. In EMNLP-IJCNLP 2019 - 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, Proceedings of the Conference. Association for Computational Linguistics, Hong Kong, 5276\u20135284. arxiv:1909.02224http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1909.02224"}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '22: 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Seoul Republic of Korea","acronym":"FAccT '22","sponsor":["ACM Association for Computing Machinery"]},"container-title":["2022 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3531146.3534627","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3531146.3534627","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T19:31:30Z","timestamp":1750188690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3531146.3534627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3531146.3534627","10.1145\/3531146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3531146.3534627","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}