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Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The ubiquitous and fine-grained features of WiFi signals make it promising for realizing contactless authentication. Existing methods, though yielding reasonably good performance in certain cases, are suffering from two major drawbacks: sensitivity to environmental dynamics and over-dependence on certain activities. Thus, the challenge of solving such issues is how to validate human identities under different environments, even with different activities. Toward this goal, in this article, we develop WiTL, a transfer learning\u2013based contactless authentication system, which works by simultaneously detecting unique human features and removing the environment dynamics contained in the signal data under different environments. To correctly detect human features (i.e., human heights used in this article), we design a Height EStimation (HES) algorithm based on Angle of Arrival\u00a0(AoA). Furthermore, a transfer learning technology combined with the Residual Network\u00a0(ResNet) and the adversarial network is devised to extract activity features and learn environmental independent representations. Finally, experiments through multi-activities and under multi-scenes are conducted to validate the performance of WiTL. Compared with the state-of-the-art contactless authentication systems, WiTL achieves a great accuracy over 93% and 97% in multi-scenes and multi-activities identity recognition, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3532095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T15:41:05Z","timestamp":1650642065000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Contactless Authentication System Based on WiFi CSI"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0302-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, The State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, and Key Laboratory for Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning Province, Dalian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0906-4217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5393-266X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanying","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology and Key Laboratory for Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning Province, Dalian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1569-9657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad S.","family":"Obaidat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fellow of IEEE and Fellow of SCS, Distinguished Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology - Dhanbad, India, King Abdullah II School of Information Technology, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan, and School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1810-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology and Key Laboratory for Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning Province, Dalian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3929-3598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guowei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology and Key Laboratory for Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning Province, Dalian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3776-9799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2680998"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3029971"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tip.2017.2675341"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"Liangyi Gong Chaocan Xiang Xiaochen Fan Tao Wu Chao Chen Miao Yu and Wu Yang. 2020. 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