{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T02:42:35Z","timestamp":1769913755787,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Access. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Millions of people worldwide use smartphones every day, but the standard issue QWERTY keyboard is poorly optimized for non-sighted input. In this article, we document the variety of methods blind people use to enter text into their smartphones, and focus on one particular need: sending text messages. We analyze two modern corpora of text messages and contrast them with an older text message corpus, as well as other corpora gathered from news articles, chat rooms, and books. We present a virtual keyboard for blind people optimized for sending text messages called Ally. To evaluate Ally, we conducted two user studies with blind participants. Our first study found increasing speeds and our second study found that half of participants reached comparable speeds to QWERTY, suggesting it may be a viable replacement. We conclude with a discussion of future work for non-sighted text-entry of text messages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3533707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T11:13:50Z","timestamp":1651662830000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ally: Understanding Text Messaging to Build a Better Onscreen Keyboard for Blind People"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5541-4425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"Lottridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2776-5508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yahoo! Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1778-4879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darren","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yahoo! Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1495-7260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chester","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yahoo! Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7440-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jofish","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mozilla, Mountain View, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIC-STH.2009.5444533"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753329"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2513383.2513440"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2305276.2305297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1851600.1851638"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67744-6_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3297121.3297123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29381-9_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12654-3_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. 2015. The Smartphone Difference. http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/2015\/04\/01\/us-smartphone-use-in2015\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"299","article-title":"Creating a live, public short message service corpus: The NUS SMS corpus","volume":"47","author":"Chen Tao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tao Chen and Min-Yen Kan. 2013. Creating a live, public short message service corpus: The NUS SMS corpus. Language Resources and Evaluation 47, 2 (2013), 299\u2013335.","journal-title":"Language Resources and Evaluation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWC.2005.49"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1960.tb04447.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01324120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"National Federation for the Blind. 2018. Statistical Facts about Blindness in the United States. https:\/\/nfb.org\/blindness-statistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702503"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21666-4_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","volume-title":"2nd Workshop on Mobile Accessibility, MobileHCI","author":"Guerreiro Tiago","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tiago Guerreiro, Joaquim Jorge, and Daniel Gon\u00e7alves. 2012. Exploring the non-visual acquisition of targets on touch phones and tablets. In 2nd Workshop on Mobile Accessibility, MobileHCI."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2008.88"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1639642.1639661"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/1-84628-248-9_21","volume-title":"Mobile Communications","author":"Segerstad Ylva H\u00e5rd af","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ylva H\u00e5rd af Segerstad. 2005. Language use in Swedish mobile text messaging. In Mobile Communications. Springer, 313\u2013333."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","unstructured":"Joseph Nathaniel Kaye Chris Seonghwan Yoon Danielle Maryse Lottridge Senxuan Wang and Darren Malcolm Burton. 2021. Virtual keyboard. US Patent No. 11 199 965."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357273"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3090083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","volume-title":"Human-Computer Interaction: An Empirical Research Perspective","author":"MacKenzie I. Scott","year":"2012","unstructured":"I. Scott MacKenzie. 2012. Human-Computer Interaction: An Empirical Research Perspective. Newnes."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1145\/765891.765971","volume-title":"CHI\u201903 extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"MacKenzie I. Scott","year":"2003","unstructured":"I. Scott MacKenzie and R. William Soukoreff. 2003. Phrase sets for evaluating text entry techniques. In CHI\u201903 extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 754\u2013755."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/302979.302983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/288392.288611"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2049536.2049614"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","article-title":"Tables of single-letter and diagram frequency counts for various word-length and letter-position combinations.","author":"Mayzner Mark S.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Mark S. Mayzner and Margaret Elizabeth Tresselt. 1965. Tables of single-letter and diagram frequency counts for various word-length and letter-position combinations. Psychonomic Monograph Supplements (1965).","journal-title":"Psychonomic Monograph Supplements"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","volume-title":"CHI Workshop on Inviscid Text-Entry and Beyond","author":"Montague Kyle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kyle Montague, Jo\u00e3o Guerreiro, Hugo Nicolau, Tiago Guerreiro, Andr\u00e9 Rodrigues, and Daniel Gon\u00e7alves. 2016. Towards inviscid text-entry for blind people through non-visual word prediction interfaces. In CHI Workshop on Inviscid Text-Entry and Beyond."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1962300.1962307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2700648.2809861"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","unstructured":"Peter Norvig. 2013. English letter frequency counts: Mayzner revisited or ETAOIN SRHLDCU. Retrieved August 7 2016 from Dostopno na http:\/\/www.norvig.com\/mayzner.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2049536.2049569"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23774-4_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/288392.288613"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2851581.2890635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2700648.2809842"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","article-title":"Speech is 3\u00d7 faster than typing for English and Mandarin text entry on mobile devices","author":"Ruan Sherry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sherry Ruan, Jacob O. Wobbrock, Kenny Liou, Andrew Ng, and James Landay. 2016. Speech is 3\u00d7 faster than typing for English and Mandarin text entry on mobile devices. arXiv:1608.07323.","journal-title":"arXiv:1608.07323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v5i1.1010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1145\/634067.634256","volume-title":"CHI\u201901 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Soukoreff R. William","year":"2001","unstructured":"R. William Soukoreff and I. Scott MacKenzie. 2001. Measuring errors in text entry tasks: An application of the Levenshtein string distance statistic. In CHI\u201901 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 319\u2013320."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/985921.986081"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01449299508914656"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2371574.2371623"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","first-page":"30","article-title":"Generation Txt? The sociolinguistics of young people\u2019s text-messaging","volume":"1","author":"Thurlow Crispin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Crispin Thurlow and Alex Brown. 2003. Generation Txt? The sociolinguistics of young people\u2019s text-messaging. Discourse Analysis Online 1, 1 (2003), 30.","journal-title":"Discourse Analysis Online"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1868914.1868972"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","unstructured":"W.H.O.2017. World Health Organization: Blindness and Visual Impairment. http:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/blindness-and-visual-impairment."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/964696.964703"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2184489.2184491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-004-0109-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025171.3026367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327051HCI172&3_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300678"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3533707","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3533707","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T19:00:18Z","timestamp":1750186818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3533707"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3533707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3533707","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-7228","1936-7236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-7228","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-7236","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}