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Yet, conventional solutions for in-class programming activities require each student to have expensive equipment, which creates an opportunity gap for low-income students. Paper programming can provide an affordable, engaging, and collaborative in-class programming experience by allowing groups of students to use inexpensive materials and share smartphones. However, current paper-programming examples are limited in terms of language expressivity and generalizability. Addressing these limitations, we developed a paper-programming flow and its variants in different abstraction levels and input\/output styles. The programming environments consist of pre-defined tangible programming cards and a mobile application that runs computer vision models to recognize them. This paper describes our educational and technical development process, presents a qualitative analysis of the early user study results and shares our design considerations to help develop wide-reaching paper programming environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3534524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T17:36:27Z","timestamp":1655487387000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Kart-ON: An Extensible Paper Programming Strategy for Affordable Early Programming Education"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Alpay","family":"Sabuncuoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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