{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:27:36Z","timestamp":1777415256930,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002745","name":"Bavarian Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AZ1225-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ1225-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002745","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Hum.-Robot Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            A recent literature review on personal space in human-robot interaction identified a research gap for the influence of contextual factors. At the same time, psychological research on interpersonal distancing and theoretical considerations based on compensatory control models suggest the importance of considering these factors in robot path planning. To address this gap, we tested the effect of room size and working memory load on participants\u2019 comfort distance toward an approaching robot. In a preregistered 3 \u00d7 2 within-subject design,\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            = 72 participants were approached by a mobile manufacturing robot in a corridor with varying room size and with and without a cognitive secondary task. As dependent variables, comfort distance, arousal, and perceived control were measured. While room size and working memory load had no significant direct effect on comfort distance, participants felt higher arousal and lower control in smaller rooms and in conditions with high working memory load, which in turn caused larger comfort distances (indirect effect). With experience, comfort distances decreased. Based on the indirect effects, future studies should test the effect of more extreme manipulations on comfort distances. Robots should adapt their path planning by keeping larger distances toward human workers in stressful environments to avoid discomfort.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3536167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T11:54:57Z","timestamp":1652270097000},"page":"1-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Personal Space in Human-Robot Interaction at Work: Effect of Room Size and Working Memory Load"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9062-0996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Leichtmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, and LIT Robopsychology Lab, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4811-2629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albrecht","family":"Lottermoser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Casting, Composite and Processing Technology IGCV, Augsburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6615-5860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Casting, Composite and Processing Technology IGCV, Augsburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4784-1283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena","family":"Nitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, and Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE, Aachen, Germany"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"389","volume-title":"Handbook of Environmental Psychology","author":"Aiello John R.","year":"1987","unstructured":"John R. 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