{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T01:24:07Z","timestamp":1755998647741,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":30,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"NWO","award":["CISC.CC.016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CISC.CC.016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3539813.3545144","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T22:18:32Z","timestamp":1661465912000},"page":"153-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Role of Complex NLP in Transformers for Text Ranking"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Rau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Jaap","family":"Kamps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(98)00030-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"MS MARCO: A human generated machine reading comprehension dataset.","author":"Bajaj Payal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Payal Bajaj , Daniel Campos , Nick Craswell , Li Deng , Jianfeng Gao , Xiaodong Liu , Rangan Majumder , Andrew McNamara , Bhaskar Mitra , Tri Nguyen , 2016 . MS MARCO: A human generated machine reading comprehension dataset. (2016). arXiv:1611.09268 Payal Bajaj, Daniel Campos, Nick Craswell, Li Deng, Jianfeng Gao, Xiaodong Liu, Rangan Majumder, Andrew McNamara, Bhaskar Mitra, Tri Nguyen, et al. 2016. MS MARCO: A human generated machine reading comprehension dataset. (2016). arXiv:1611.09268"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"European Conference on Information Retrieval. Springer, 605--618","author":"C\u00e2mara Arthur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arthur C\u00e2mara and Claudia Hauff . 2020 . Diagnosing BERT with retrieval heuristics . In European Conference on Information Retrieval. Springer, 605--618 . Arthur C\u00e2mara and Claudia Hauff. 2020. Diagnosing BERT with retrieval heuristics. In European Conference on Information Retrieval. Springer, 605--618."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199009)41:6<391::AID-ASI1>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3190580.3190585"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding.","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin , Ming-Wei Chang , Kenton Lee , and Kristina Toutanova . 2018 . BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. (2018). arXiv:1810.04805 Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2018. BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. (2018). arXiv:1810.04805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"What BERT is not: Lessons from a new suite of psycholinguistic diagnostics for language models. CoRR abs\/1907.13528","author":"Ettinger Allyson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Allyson Ettinger . 2019. What BERT is not: Lessons from a new suite of psycholinguistic diagnostics for language models. CoRR abs\/1907.13528 ( 2019 ). arXiv:1907.13528 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1907.13528 Allyson Ettinger. 2019. What BERT is not: Lessons from a new suite of psycholinguistic diagnostics for language models. CoRR abs\/1907.13528 (2019). arXiv:1907.13528 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1907.13528"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thibault Formal Benjamin Piwowarski and St\u00e9phane Clinchant. 2021. A White Box Analysis of ColBERT. In ECIR.  Thibault Formal Benjamin Piwowarski and St\u00e9phane Clinchant. 2021. A White Box Analysis of ColBERT. In ECIR.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-72240-1_23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i14.17531"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00437956.1954.11659520"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Hinton","author":"Kornblith Simon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simon Kornblith , Mohammad Norouzi , Honglak Lee , and Geoffrey E . Hinton . 2019 . Similarity of Neural Network Representations Revisited. CoRR abs\/1905.00414 (2019). arXiv:1905.00414 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1905.00414 Simon Kornblith, Mohammad Norouzi, Honglak Lee, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. 2019. Similarity of Neural Network Representations Revisited. CoRR abs\/1905.00414 (2019). arXiv:1905.00414 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1905.00414"},{"volume-title":"Semantics in generative grammar","author":"Kratzer Angelika","key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Angelika Kratzer and Irene Heim . 1998. Semantics in generative grammar . Vol. 1185 . Blackwell Oxford . Angelika Kratzer and Irene Heim. 1998. Semantics in generative grammar. Vol. 1185. Blackwell Oxford."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"The Neural Hype, Justified! A Recantation","volume":"53","author":"Lin Jimmy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jimmy Lin . 2021 . The Neural Hype, Justified! A Recantation . SIGIR Forum 53 , 2 (mar 2021), 88--93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3458553.3458563 Jimmy Lin. 2021. The Neural Hype, Justified! A Recantation. SIGIR Forum 53, 2 (mar 2021), 88--93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3458553.3458563","journal-title":"SIGIR Forum"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach. CoRR abs\/1907.11692","author":"Liu Yinhan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yinhan Liu , Myle Ott , Naman Goyal , Jingfei Du , Mandar Joshi , Danqi Chen , Omer Levy , Mike Lewis , Luke Zettlemoyer , and Veselin Stoyanov . 2019. RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach. CoRR abs\/1907.11692 ( 2019 ). arXiv:1907.11692 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1907.11692 Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019. RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach. CoRR abs\/1907.11692 (2019). arXiv:1907.11692 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1907.11692"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"ABNIRML: Analyzing the Behavior of Neural IR Models. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 10 (03","author":"MacAvaney Sean","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sean MacAvaney , Sergey Feldman , Nazli Goharian , Doug Downey , and Arman Cohan . 2022 . ABNIRML: Analyzing the Behavior of Neural IR Models. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 10 (03 2022), 224--239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00457 Sean MacAvaney, Sergey Feldman, Nazli Goharian, Doug Downey, and Arman Cohan. 2022. ABNIRML: Analyzing the Behavior of Neural IR Models. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 10 (03 2022), 224--239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00457"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3476415.3476428"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. Advances in neural information processing systems 26","author":"Mikolov Tomas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tomas Mikolov , Ilya Sutskever , Kai Chen , Greg S Corrado , and Jeff Dean . 2013. Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. Advances in neural information processing systems 26 ( 2013 ). Tomas Mikolov, Ilya Sutskever, Kai Chen, Greg S Corrado, and Jeff Dean. 2013. Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. Advances in neural information processing systems 26 (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Rodrigo Nogueira and Kyunghyun Cho. 2019. Passage Re-ranking with BERT. (2019). arXiv:1901.04085  Rodrigo Nogueira and Kyunghyun Cho. 2019. Passage Re-ranking with BERT. (2019). arXiv:1901.04085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"A Decomposable Attention Model for Natural Language Inference. CoRR abs\/1606.01933","author":"Parikh Ankur P.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ankur P. Parikh , Oscar T\u00e4ckstr\u00f6m , Dipanjan Das , and Jakob Uszkoreit . 2016. A Decomposable Attention Model for Natural Language Inference. CoRR abs\/1606.01933 ( 2016 ). arXiv:1606.01933 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1606.01933 Ankur P. Parikh, Oscar T\u00e4ckstr\u00f6m, Dipanjan Das, and Jakob Uszkoreit. 2016. A Decomposable Attention Model for Natural Language Inference. CoRR abs\/1606.01933 (2016). arXiv:1606.01933 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1606.01933"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Deep contextualized word representations. CoRR abs\/1802.05365","author":"Peters Matthew E.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matthew E. Peters , Mark Neumann , Mohit Iyyer , Matt Gardner , Christopher Clark , Kenton Lee , and Luke Zettlemoyer . 2018. Deep contextualized word representations. CoRR abs\/1802.05365 ( 2018 ). arXiv:1802.05365 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1802.05365 Matthew E. Peters, Mark Neumann, Mohit Iyyer, Matt Gardner, Christopher Clark, Kenton Lee, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2018. Deep contextualized word representations. CoRR abs\/1802.05365 (2018). arXiv:1802.05365 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1802.05365"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-acl.98"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-99739-7_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15712-8_32"},{"volume-title":"SIGIR '94, Bruce W","author":"Sanderson Mark","key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Mark Sanderson . 1994. Word Sense Disambiguation and Information Retrieval . In SIGIR '94, Bruce W . Croft and C. J. van Rijsbergen (Eds.). Springer London , London , 142--151. Mark Sanderson. 1994. Word Sense Disambiguation and Information Retrieval. In SIGIR '94, Bruce W. Croft and C. J. van Rijsbergen (Eds.). Springer London, London, 142--151."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"UnNatural Language Inference. ACL","author":"Sinha Koustuv","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koustuv Sinha , Prasanna Parthasarathi , Joelle Pineau , and Adina Williams . 2021. UnNatural Language Inference. ACL ( 2021 ). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2101.00010 Koustuv Sinha, Prasanna Parthasarathi, Joelle Pineau, and Adina Williams. 2021. UnNatural Language Inference. ACL (2021). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2101.00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/160688.160715"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Bowman","author":"Singh Amanpreet","year":"2019","unstructured":"AlexWang, Amanpreet Singh , Julian Michael , Felix Hill , Omer Levy , and Samuel R . Bowman . 2019 . GLUE : A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understanding. In the Proceedings of ICLR. . AlexWang, Amanpreet Singh, Julian Michael, Felix Hill, Omer Levy, and Samuel R. Bowman. 2019. GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understanding. In the Proceedings of ICLR.."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"On Position Embeddings in BERT. In International Conference on Learning Representations. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=onxoVA9FxMw","author":"Wang Benyou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Benyou Wang , Lifeng Shang , Christina Lioma , Xin Jiang , Hao Yang , Qun Liu , and Jakob Grue Simonsen . 2021 . On Position Embeddings in BERT. In International Conference on Learning Representations. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=onxoVA9FxMw Benyou Wang, Lifeng Shang, Christina Lioma, Xin Jiang, Hao Yang, Qun Liu, and Jakob Grue Simonsen. 2021. On Position Embeddings in BERT. In International Conference on Learning Representations. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=onxoVA9FxMw"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations. Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, 38--45","author":"Wolf Thomas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thomas Wolf , Lysandre Debut , Victor Sanh , Julien Chaumond , Clement Delangue , Anthony Moi , Pierric Cistac , Tim Rault , R\u00e9mi Louf , Morgan Funtowicz , Joe Davison , Sam Shleifer , Patrick von Platen , Clara Ma , Yacine Jernite , Julien Plu , Canwen Xu , Teven Le Scao , Sylvain Gugger , Mariama Drame , Quentin Lhoest , and Alexander M. Rush . 2020. Transformers: State-of-the-Art Natural Language Processing . In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations. Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, 38--45 . https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/ 2020 .emnlpdemos.6 Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pierric Cistac, Tim Rault, R\u00e9mi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, Joe Davison, Sam Shleifer, Patrick von Platen, Clara Ma, Yacine Jernite, Julien Plu, Canwen Xu, Teven Le Scao, Sylvain Gugger, Mariama Drame, Quentin Lhoest, and Alexander M. Rush. 2020. Transformers: State-of-the-Art Natural Language Processing. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations. Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, 38--45. https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/2020.emnlpdemos.6"}],"event":{"name":"ICTIR '22: The 2022 ACM SIGIR International Conference on the Theory of Information Retrieval","sponsor":["SIGIR ACM Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval"],"location":"Madrid Spain","acronym":"ICTIR '22"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGIR International Conference on Theory of Information Retrieval"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3539813.3545144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3539813.3545144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T18:10:03Z","timestamp":1750183803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3539813.3545144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3539813.3545144","10.1145\/3539813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3539813.3545144","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-08-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}