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Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The\n            <jats:bold>U.S. National Institute of Health (NIH)<\/jats:bold>\n            3D Print Exchange is a public, open-source repository for 3D printable medical device designs with contributions from clinicians, expert-amateur makers, and people from industry and academia. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the NIH formed a collection to foster submissions of low-cost, locally manufacturable\n            <jats:bold>personal protective equipment (PPE)<\/jats:bold>\n            . We evaluated the 623 submissions in this collection to understand: what makers contributed, how they were made, who made them, and key characteristics of their designs. We found an immediate design convergence to manufacturing-focused remixes of a few initial designs affiliated with NIH partners and major for-profit groups. The NIH worked to review safe, effective designs but was overloaded by manufacturing-focused design adaptations. Our work contributes insights into: the outcomes of distributed, community-based medical making; the features that the community accepted as \u201csafe\u201d making; and how platforms can support regulated maker activities in high-risk domains.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3542923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T11:33:30Z","timestamp":1661427210000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Rapid Convergence: The Outcomes of Making PPE During a Healthcare Crisis"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6889-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Mack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. 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