{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T12:09:52Z","timestamp":1784203792854,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]],"date-time":"2022-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The Domain Name System (DNS) is one of the most crucial parts of the Internet. Although the original standard defined the usage of DNS over UDP (DoUDP) as well as DNS over TCP (DoTCP), UDP has become the predominant protocol used in the DNS. With the introduction of new Resource Records (RRs), the sizes of DNS responses have increased considerably. Since this can lead to\n            <jats:italic>truncation<\/jats:italic>\n            or\n            <jats:italic>IP fragmentation<\/jats:italic>\n            , the fallback to DoTCP as required by the standard ensures successful DNS responses by overcoming the size limitations of DoUDP. However, the effects of the usage of DoTCP by stub resolvers are not extensively studied to this date. We close this gap by presenting a view at DoTCP from the Edge, issuing 12.1M DNS requests from 2,500 probes toward\n            <jats:italic>Public<\/jats:italic>\n            as well as\n            <jats:italic>Probe<\/jats:italic>\n            DNS recursive resolvers. In our measurement study, we observe that DoTCP is generally slower than DoUDP, where the relative increase in\n            <jats:italic>Response Time<\/jats:italic>\n            is less than 37% for most resolvers. While optimizations to DoTCP can be leveraged to further reduce the response times, we show that support on\n            <jats:italic>Public<\/jats:italic>\n            resolvers is still missing, hence leaving room for optimizations in the future. Moreover, we also find that\n            <jats:italic>Public<\/jats:italic>\n            resolvers generally have comparable reliability for DoTCP and DoUDP. However,\n            <jats:italic>Probe<\/jats:italic>\n            resolvers show a significantly different behavior: DoTCP queries targeting\n            <jats:italic>Probe<\/jats:italic>\n            resolvers fail in 3 out of 4 cases, and, therefore, do not comply with the standard. This problem will only aggravate in the future: As DNS response sizes will continue to grow, the need for DoTCP will solidify.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3544912.3544918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T20:35:27Z","timestamp":1655757327000},"page":"44-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Measuring DNS over TCP in the era of increasing DNS response sizes"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Mike","family":"Kosek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trinh Viet","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaibhav","family":"Bajpai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Top sites. https:\/\/www.alexa.com\/topsites [Online","author":"Alexa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alexa . 2022. Top sites. https:\/\/www.alexa.com\/topsites [Online ; accessed 2022 -Mar-31]. Alexa. 2022. Top sites. https:\/\/www.alexa.com\/topsites [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2805789.2805796"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3314212.3314217"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/bind9.readthedocs.io\/en\/v9_16_8\/notes.html#notes-for-bind-9-16-8 [Online","author":"Release Notes","year":"2022","unstructured":"BIND9. 2022. BIND 9.16.8 Release Notes . https:\/\/bind9.readthedocs.io\/en\/v9_16_8\/notes.html#notes-for-bind-9-16-8 [Online ; accessed 2022 -Mar-31]. BIND9. 2022. BIND 9.16.8 Release Notes. https:\/\/bind9.readthedocs.io\/en\/v9_16_8\/notes.html#notes-for-bind-9-16-8 [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8900"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC1123"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243790"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-642-12365-8_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC7413"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"How CleanBrowsing Works. https:\/\/cleanbrowsing.org\/how-it-works\/ [Online","author":"CleanBrowsing","year":"2022","unstructured":"CleanBrowsing . 2022. How CleanBrowsing Works. https:\/\/cleanbrowsing.org\/how-it-works\/ [Online ; accessed 2022 -Mar-31]. CleanBrowsing. 2022. How CleanBrowsing Works. https:\/\/cleanbrowsing.org\/how-it-works\/ [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"The Cloudflare global networks. https:\/\/www.cloudflare.com\/network\/ [Online","author":"Cloudflare","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cloudflare . 2022. The Cloudflare global networks. https:\/\/www.cloudflare.com\/network\/ [Online ; accessed 2022 -Mar-31]. Cloudflare. 2022. The Cloudflare global networks. https:\/\/www.cloudflare.com\/network\/ [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Appendix 2 - Comodo Secure DNS Service. https:\/\/help.comodo.com\/topic-399-1-904-11738-Appendix-2-Comodo-Secure-DNS-Service.html [Online","author":"Comodo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Comodo . 2022. Appendix 2 - Comodo Secure DNS Service. https:\/\/help.comodo.com\/topic-399-1-904-11738-Appendix-2-Comodo-Secure-DNS-Service.html [Online ; accessed 2022 -Mar-31]. Comodo. 2022. Appendix 2 - Comodo Secure DNS Service. https:\/\/help.comodo.com\/topic-399-1-904-11738-Appendix-2-Comodo-Secure-DNS-Service.html [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"CoreDNS bufsize plugin. https:\/\/github.com\/coredns\/coredns\/tree\/master\/plugin\/bufsize [Online","author":"Core DNS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Core DNS . 2022. CoreDNS bufsize plugin. https:\/\/github.com\/coredns\/coredns\/tree\/master\/plugin\/bufsize [Online ; accessed 2022 -Mar-31]. CoreDNS. 2022. CoreDNS bufsize plugin. https:\/\/github.com\/coredns\/coredns\/tree\/master\/plugin\/bufsize [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC6891"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472305.3472884"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359989.3365435"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC7766"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"DNS flag day","year":"2020","unstructured":"DNS flag day. 2020. DNS flag day 2020 . https:\/\/dnsflagday.net\/2020\/ [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]. DNS flag day. 2020. DNS flag day 2020. https:\/\/dnsflagday.net\/2020\/ [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/IFIPNetworking52078.2021.9472831"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Vixie","author":"Kazunori Fujiwara A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kazunori Fujiwara and Paul A . Vixie . 2021 . Fragmentation Avoidance in DNS. Internet-Draft draft-ietf-dnsop-avoid-fragmentation-05. Internet Engineering Task Force. https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/draft-ietf-dnsop-avoid-fragmentation-05 Work in Progress . Kazunori Fujiwara and Paul A. Vixie. 2021. Fragmentation Avoidance in DNS. Internet-Draft draft-ietf-dnsop-avoid-fragmentation-05. Internet Engineering Task Force. https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/draft-ietf-dnsop-avoid-fragmentation-05 Work in Progress."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Google Public DNS: Frequently Asked Questions. https:\/\/developers.google.com\/speed\/public-dns\/faq#locations [Online","author":"Google","year":"2022","unstructured":"Google . 2022. Google Public DNS: Frequently Asked Questions. https:\/\/developers.google.com\/speed\/public-dns\/faq#locations [Online ; accessed 2022 -Mar-31]. Google. 2022. Google Public DNS: Frequently Asked Questions. https:\/\/developers.google.com\/speed\/public-dns\/faq#locations [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CNS.2013.6682711"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8499"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2815675.2815710"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380139"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Measuring the impact of DNS Flag Day","author":"Geoff Huston 0.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Geoff Huston . 202 0. Measuring the impact of DNS Flag Day 2020 . https:\/\/blog.apnic.net\/2020\/12\/14\/measuring-the-impact-of-dns-flag-day-2020\/ [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]. Geoff Huston. 2020. Measuring the impact of DNS Flag Day 2020. https:\/\/blog.apnic.net\/2020\/12\/14\/measuring-the-impact-of-dns-flag-day-2020\/ [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"RSSAC002 Data. https:\/\/www.dns.icann.org\/rssac\/rssac002\/ [Online","year":"2022","unstructured":"ICANN. 2022. RSSAC002 Data. https:\/\/www.dns.icann.org\/rssac\/rssac002\/ [Online ; accessed 2022 -Mar-31]. ICANN. 2022. RSSAC002 Data. https:\/\/www.dns.icann.org\/rssac\/rssac002\/ [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC1034"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC1035"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Axel Koolhaas and Tjeerd Slokkker. 2020. Defragmenting DNS. https:\/\/homepages.staff.os3.nl\/~delaat\/rp\/2019-2020\/p78\/report.pdf  Axel Koolhaas and Tjeerd Slokkker. 2020. Defragmenting DNS. https:\/\/homepages.staff.os3.nl\/~delaat\/rp\/2019-2020\/p78\/report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-030-98785-5_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1879141.1879173"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC9210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC3596"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"NLnet Labs. 2006. Measuring the effects of DNSSEC deployment on query load. http:\/\/www.nlnetlabs.nl\/downloads\/publications\/dnssec\/dnssec-effects.pdf [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31].  NLnet Labs. 2006. Measuring the effects of DNSSEC deployment on query load. http:\/\/www.nlnetlabs.nl\/downloads\/publications\/dnssec\/dnssec-effects.pdf [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3355369.3355580"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-030-98785-5_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419394.3423625"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-030-72582-2_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Neustar. 2022. Cloud-based Authoritative DNS for Faster Safer and Accurate Query Resolution. https:\/\/ns-cdn.neustar.biz\/creative_services\/biz\/neustar\/www\/resources\/product-literature\/dns\/ultradns-overview.pdf [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31].  Neustar. 2022. Cloud-based Authoritative DNS for Faster Safer and Accurate Query Resolution. https:\/\/ns-cdn.neustar.biz\/creative_services\/biz\/neustar\/www\/resources\/product-literature\/dns\/ultradns-overview.pdf [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Data Center Locations. https:\/\/www.opendns.com\/data-center-locations\/ [Online","author":"Open DNS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Open DNS . 2022. Data Center Locations. https:\/\/www.opendns.com\/data-center-locations\/ [Online ; accessed 2022 -Mar-31]. OpenDNS. 2022. Data Center Locations. https:\/\/www.opendns.com\/data-center-locations\/ [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"OpenNIC. 2022. Tier-2 Server History. http:\/\/report.opennic.org\/ [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31].  OpenNIC. 2022. Tier-2 Server History. http:\/\/report.opennic.org\/ [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/www.quad9.net\/service\/locations\/ [Online","author":"Quad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Quad 9. 2022. Locations. https:\/\/www.quad9.net\/service\/locations\/ [Online ; accessed 2022 -Mar-31]. Quad9. 2022. Locations. https:\/\/www.quad9.net\/service\/locations\/ [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419394.3423640"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Eric Rescorla et al. 2021. TLS Encrypted Client Hello. Internet-Draft draft-ietf-tls-esni-13. Internet Engineering Task Force. https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/draft-ietf-tls-esni-13 Work in Progress.  Eric Rescorla et al. 2021. TLS Encrypted Client Hello. Internet-Draft draft-ietf-tls-esni-13. Internet Engineering Task Force. https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/draft-ietf-tls-esni-13 Work in Progress."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Internet Protocol Journal","year":"2015","unstructured":"RIPE NCC. 2015. RIPE Atlas: A Global Internet Measurement Network . In Internet Protocol Journal 2015 . http:\/\/ipj.dreamhosters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/ipj18.3.pdf RIPE NCC. 2015. RIPE Atlas: A Global Internet Measurement Network. In Internet Protocol Journal 2015. http:\/\/ipj.dreamhosters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/ipj18.3.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"RIPE Atlas Docs. https:\/\/beta-docs.atlas.ripe.net\/apis\/measurements\/types\/type_specific_attributes.html#dns [Online","year":"2022","unstructured":"RIPE NCC. 2022. RIPE Atlas Docs. https:\/\/beta-docs.atlas.ripe.net\/apis\/measurements\/types\/type_specific_attributes.html#dns [Online ; accessed 2022 -Mar-31]. RIPE NCC. 2022. RIPE Atlas Docs. https:\/\/beta-docs.atlas.ripe.net\/apis\/measurements\/types\/type_specific_attributes.html#dns [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"RIPE Atlas Service Terms and Conditions Version 3.4. https:\/\/atlas.ripe.net\/legal\/terms-conditions\/ [Online","year":"2022","unstructured":"RIPE NCC. 2022. RIPE Atlas Service Terms and Conditions Version 3.4. https:\/\/atlas.ripe.net\/legal\/terms-conditions\/ [Online ; accessed 2022 -Mar-31]. RIPE NCC. 2022. RIPE Atlas Service Terms and Conditions Version 3.4. https:\/\/atlas.ripe.net\/legal\/terms-conditions\/ [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC4034"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2504730.2504734"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Schwartz et al","author":"Benjamin M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Benjamin M. Schwartz et al . 2021 . Service binding and parameter specification via the DNS (DNS SVCB and HTTPS RRs). Internet-Draft draft-ietf-dnsop-svcb-https-07. Internet Engineering Task Force. https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/draft-ietf-dnsop-svcb-https-07 Work in Progress . Benjamin M. Schwartz et al. 2021. Service binding and parameter specification via the DNS (DNS SVCB and HTTPS RRs). Internet-Draft draft-ietf-dnsop-svcb-https-07. Internet Engineering Task Force. https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/draft-ietf-dnsop-svcb-https-07 Work in Progress."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-030-72582-2_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"unbound 1.12.0 Release Notes. https:\/\/github.com\/NLnetLabs\/unbound\/releases\/tag\/release-1.12.0 [Online","year":"2022","unstructured":"unbound. 2022. unbound 1.12.0 Release Notes. https:\/\/github.com\/NLnetLabs\/unbound\/releases\/tag\/release-1.12.0 [Online ; accessed 2022 -Mar-31]. unbound. 2022. unbound 1.12.0 Release Notes. https:\/\/github.com\/NLnetLabs\/unbound\/releases\/tag\/release-1.12.0 [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"DNS servers. https:\/\/blog.uncensoreddns.org\/dns-servers\/ [Online","author":"Uncensored DNS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Uncensored DNS . 2022. DNS servers. https:\/\/blog.uncensoreddns.org\/dns-servers\/ [Online ; accessed 2022 -Mar-31]. UncensoredDNS. 2022. DNS servers. https:\/\/blog.uncensoreddns.org\/dns-servers\/ [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6828880"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC2671"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"in Proceedings of the First Workshop on Securing and Trusting Internet Names","author":"Nicholas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nicholas Weaver et al. 2011. Implications of netalyzrs dns measurements . In in Proceedings of the First Workshop on Securing and Trusting Internet Names 2011 . http:\/\/www.icsi.berkeley.edu\/pubs\/networking\/implicationsofnetalyzrsdns11.pdf Nicholas Weaver et al. 2011. Implications of netalyzrs dns measurements. In in Proceedings of the First Workshop on Securing and Trusting Internet Names 2011. http:\/\/www.icsi.berkeley.edu\/pubs\/networking\/implicationsofnetalyzrsdns11.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC7828"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Technical details. https:\/\/dns.yandex.com\/advanced\/ [Online","author":"Yandex DNS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yandex . DNS . 2022. Technical details. https:\/\/dns.yandex.com\/advanced\/ [Online ; accessed 2022 -Mar-31]. Yandex.DNS. 2022. Technical details. https:\/\/dns.yandex.com\/advanced\/ [Online; accessed 2022-Mar-31]."}],"container-title":["ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3544912.3544918","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3544912.3544918","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T19:00:01Z","timestamp":1750186801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3544912.3544918"}},"subtitle":["a view from the edge"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3544912.3544918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3544912.3544918","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-4833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-4833","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}