{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:17:21Z","timestamp":1750220241520,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":47,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMMI-1739503 and ECCS-2028269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-1739503 and ECCS-2028269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3545948.3545964","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T11:21:49Z","timestamp":1666005709000},"page":"185-199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["HALC: A Real-time In-sensor Defense against the Magnetic Spoofing Attack on Hall Sensors"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Anomadarshi","family":"Barua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, United States of America"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Abdullah Al","family":"Faruque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, United States of America"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. ACS710 datasheet. https:\/\/www.allegromicro.com\/~\/media\/Files\/Datasheets\/ACS710-Datasheet.ashx. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. ACS710 datasheet. https:\/\/www.allegromicro.com\/~\/media\/Files\/Datasheets\/ACS710-Datasheet.ashx. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. ACS715 datasheet. https:\/\/www.allegromicro.com\/~\/media\/Files\/Datasheets\/ACS715-Datasheet.ashx. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. ACS715 datasheet. https:\/\/www.allegromicro.com\/~\/media\/Files\/Datasheets\/ACS715-Datasheet.ashx. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. ACS718 datasheet. https:\/\/www.allegromicro.com\/~\/media\/Files\/Datasheets\/ACS718-Datasheet.ashx. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. ACS718 datasheet. https:\/\/www.allegromicro.com\/~\/media\/Files\/Datasheets\/ACS718-Datasheet.ashx. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. ACS724 datasheet. https:\/\/www.allegromicro.com\/~\/media\/Files\/Datasheets\/ACS724-Datasheet.ashx. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. ACS724 datasheet. https:\/\/www.allegromicro.com\/~\/media\/Files\/Datasheets\/ACS724-Datasheet.ashx. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Allegro MicroSystems : Hall-effect sensors consume very little power. https:\/\/www.eetimes.com\/allegro-microsystems-hall-effect-sensors-consume-very-little-power\/. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. Allegro MicroSystems : Hall-effect sensors consume very little power. https:\/\/www.eetimes.com\/allegro-microsystems-hall-effect-sensors-consume-very-little-power\/. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Cortex-M3 Reference Manual: EFM32 Microcontroller Family. https:\/\/www.silabs.com\/documents\/public\/reference-manuals\/EFM32-Cortex-M3-RM.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. Cortex-M3 Reference Manual: EFM32 Microcontroller Family. https:\/\/www.silabs.com\/documents\/public\/reference-manuals\/EFM32-Cortex-M3-RM.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. DRV5053 datasheet. https:\/\/www.ti.com\/document-viewer\/DRV5053\/datasheet. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. DRV5053 datasheet. https:\/\/www.ti.com\/document-viewer\/DRV5053\/datasheet. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Grid-tied Solar Micro Inverter with MPPT. https:\/\/www.ti.com\/tool\/TIDM-SOLARUINV. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. Grid-tied Solar Micro Inverter with MPPT. https:\/\/www.ti.com\/tool\/TIDM-SOLARUINV. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. LTSR 6-NP datasheet. https:\/\/www.lem.com\/sites\/default\/files\/products_datasheets\/ltsr_6-np.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. LTSR 6-NP datasheet. https:\/\/www.lem.com\/sites\/default\/files\/products_datasheets\/ltsr_6-np.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. LV 25-P datasheet. http:\/\/www.farnell.com\/datasheets\/51633.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. LV 25-P datasheet. http:\/\/www.farnell.com\/datasheets\/51633.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. MCP4252 datasheet. https:\/\/ww1.microchip.com\/downloads\/en\/DeviceDoc\/22060b.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. MCP4252 datasheet. https:\/\/ww1.microchip.com\/downloads\/en\/DeviceDoc\/22060b.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. MU METAL SPECIFICATIONS. http:\/\/www.mu-metal.com\/technical-data.html. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. MU METAL SPECIFICATIONS. http:\/\/www.mu-metal.com\/technical-data.html. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. SS39ET datasheet. https:\/\/www.digikey.com\/htmldatasheets\/production\/43186\/0\/0\/1\/SS39ET-49E-59ET-Series-Datasheet.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. SS39ET datasheet. https:\/\/www.digikey.com\/htmldatasheets\/production\/43186\/0\/0\/1\/SS39ET-49E-59ET-Series-Datasheet.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. SS490 datasheet. https:\/\/prod-edam.honeywell.com\/content\/dam\/honeywell-edam\/sps\/siot\/en-us\/products\/sensors\/magnetic-sensors\/linear-and-angle-sensor-ics\/ss490-series-linear-sensor-ics\/documents\/sps-siot-sensors-linear-hall-effect-ics-ss490-series-datasheet-005843-2-en-ciid-50358.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. SS490 datasheet. https:\/\/prod-edam.honeywell.com\/content\/dam\/honeywell-edam\/sps\/siot\/en-us\/products\/sensors\/magnetic-sensors\/linear-and-angle-sensor-ics\/ss490-series-linear-sensor-ics\/documents\/sps-siot-sensors-linear-hall-effect-ics-ss490-series-datasheet-005843-2-en-ciid-50358.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. SS49\/SS19 datasheet. https:\/\/www.digikey.com\/htmldatasheets\/production\/809995\/0\/0\/1\/SS49-SS19-Series-Install-Instr.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. SS49\/SS19 datasheet. https:\/\/www.digikey.com\/htmldatasheets\/production\/809995\/0\/0\/1\/SS49-SS19-Series-Install-Instr.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Tektronix 119-6609-00. https:\/\/www.testequipmentdepot.com\/tektronix\/accessories\/cables-hardware\/attachments\/flexible-monopole-antenna-119660900.htm?ref=gbase. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. Tektronix 119-6609-00. https:\/\/www.testequipmentdepot.com\/tektronix\/accessories\/cables-hardware\/attachments\/flexible-monopole-antenna-119660900.htm?ref=gbase. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. uxcell DC12V 100KG Force Electric Lifting Magnet Electromagnet Solenoid Lift Holding. https:\/\/www.amazon.ca\/uxcell%C2%AE-Solenoid-Electric-Holding-Electromagnet\/dp\/B07FKNJ7CZ?th=1. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  [n.d.]. uxcell DC12V 100KG Force Electric Lifting Magnet Electromagnet Solenoid Lift Holding. https:\/\/www.amazon.ca\/uxcell%C2%AE-Solenoid-Electric-Holding-Electromagnet\/dp\/B07FKNJ7CZ?th=1. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2251971"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Latham Alexander. 2019. Common Mode Field Rejection in Coreless Hall-Effect Current Sensor ICs. https:\/\/www.allegromicro.com\/-\/media\/files\/application-notes\/an269123-common-mode-field-rejection-in-coreless-current-sensor-ics.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  Latham Alexander. 2019. Common Mode Field Rejection in Coreless Hall-Effect Current Sensor ICs. https:\/\/www.allegromicro.com\/-\/media\/files\/application-notes\/an269123-common-mode-field-rejection-in-coreless-current-sensor-ics.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Hall Spoofing: A Non-Invasive DoS Attack on Grid-Tied Solar Inverter. In 29th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 20)","author":"Barua Anomadarshi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anomadarshi Barua and Mohammad\u00a0Abdullah Al\u00a0Faruque . 2020 . Hall Spoofing: A Non-Invasive DoS Attack on Grid-Tied Solar Inverter. In 29th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 20) . USENIX Association, 1273\u20131290. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/usenixsecurity20\/presentation\/barua Anomadarshi Barua and Mohammad\u00a0Abdullah Al\u00a0Faruque. 2020. Hall Spoofing: A Non-Invasive DoS Attack on Grid-Tied Solar Inverter. In 29th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 20). USENIX Association, 1273\u20131290. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/usenixsecurity20\/presentation\/barua"},{"volume-title":"The Fourier transform and its applications. Vol.\u00a031999","author":"Bracewell Ronald\u00a0Newbold","key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Ronald\u00a0Newbold Bracewell and Ronald\u00a0 N Bracewell . 1986. The Fourier transform and its applications. Vol.\u00a031999 . McGraw-Hill New York . Ronald\u00a0Newbold Bracewell and Ronald\u00a0N Bracewell. 1986. The Fourier transform and its applications. Vol.\u00a031999. McGraw-Hill New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1966913.1966959"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2013.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(96)01410-0"},{"volume-title":"25th {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 16). 655\u2013672.","author":"Garman Christina","key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Christina Garman , Matthew Green , Gabriel Kaptchuk , Ian Miers , and Michael Rushanan . 2016. Dancing on the lip of the volcano: Chosen ciphertext attacks on apple imessage . In 25th {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 16). 655\u2013672. Christina Garman, Matthew Green, Gabriel Kaptchuk, Ian Miers, and Michael Rushanan. 2016. Dancing on the lip of the volcano: Chosen ciphertext attacks on apple imessage. In 25th {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 16). 655\u2013672."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.29812"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2017.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2013.20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.172.49"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Silicon Labs. [n.d.]. Energy Profiler. https:\/\/docs.silabs.com\/simplicity-studio-5-users-guide\/1.0\/using-the-tools\/energy-profiler\/. (Accessed: 12-10-2021).  Silicon Labs. [n.d.]. Energy Profiler. https:\/\/docs.silabs.com\/simplicity-studio-5-users-guide\/1.0\/using-the-tools\/energy-profiler\/. (Accessed: 12-10-2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"NEW YORK","author":"Lathi BP","year":"1998","unstructured":"BP Lathi and Zhi Ding . 1998. Modern analog and digital communication systems. Third generation OXFORD University Press , NEW YORK ( 1998 ), 50\u201351. BP Lathi and Zhi Ding. 1998. Modern analog and digital communication systems. Third generation OXFORD University Press, NEW YORK (1998), 50\u201351."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Littelfuse. [n.d.]. Magnets and Actuators. https:\/\/www.littelfuse.com\/~\/media\/electronics\/datasheets\/magnetic_actuators\/littelfuse_magnetic_actuators_datasheet.pdf.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022).  Littelfuse. [n.d.]. Magnets and Actuators. https:\/\/www.littelfuse.com\/~\/media\/electronics\/datasheets\/magnetic_actuators\/littelfuse_magnetic_actuators_datasheet.pdf.pdf. (Accessed: 03-22-2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IIC.2015.7150817"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s130404714"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"Sensor for detecting the direction of a magnetic field in a plane","volume":"7","author":"Popovic Radivoje","year":"2007","unstructured":"Radivoje Popovic and Christian Schott . 2007 . Sensor for detecting the direction of a magnetic field in a plane . US Patent 7 , 235 ,968. Radivoje Popovic and Christian Schott. 2007. Sensor for detecting the direction of a magnetic field in a plane. US Patent 7,235,968.","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"volume-title":"Hall-effect sensors: theory and application","author":"Ramsden Edward","key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Edward Ramsden . 2011. Hall-effect sensors: theory and application . Elsevier . Edward Ramsden. 2011. Hall-effect sensors: theory and application. Elsevier."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Inaudible Voice Commands: The Long-Range Attack and Defense. In 15th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 18)","author":"Roy Nirupam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nirupam Roy , Sheng Shen , Haitham Hassanieh , and Romit\u00a0Roy Choudhury . 2018 . Inaudible Voice Commands: The Long-Range Attack and Defense. In 15th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 18) . USENIX Association, Renton, WA, 547\u2013560. Nirupam Roy, Sheng Shen, Haitham Hassanieh, and Romit\u00a0Roy Choudhury. 2018. Inaudible Voice Commands: The Long-Range Attack and Defense. In 15th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 18). USENIX Association, Renton, WA, 547\u2013560."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40349-1_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813679"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2015.7402810"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP.2017.42"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2011.2147809"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978388"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-0613-6_258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-0613-6_13692"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s120202162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3134052"}],"event":{"name":"RAID 2022: 25th International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses","acronym":"RAID 2022","location":"Limassol Cyprus"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3545948.3545964","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1145\/3545948.3545964","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3545948.3545964","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T19:30:27Z","timestamp":1750188627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3545948.3545964"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3545948.3545964","10.1145\/3545948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3545948.3545964","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}