{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T23:36:34Z","timestamp":1767828994224,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["92164206, and 61871008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92164206, and 61871008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"International Collaboration Project","award":["B16001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B16001"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Nova Program from Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission","award":["Z201100006820042, and Z211100002121014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z201100006820042, and Z211100002121014"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["4202043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4202043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Energy consumption has been a big challenge for electronic devices, particularly for battery-powered Internet of Things (IoT) equipment. To address such a challenge, on the one hand, low-power electronic design methodologies and novel power management techniques have been proposed, such as nonvolatile memories and instantly on\/off systems; on the other hand, the energy harvesting technology by collecting signals from human activity or the environment has attracted widespread attention in the IoT area. However, the system with self-powered energy harvesting may suffer frequent energy failures or fluctuating energy conditions, which degrade system reliability and user experience. Therefore, how to make the system under unreliable power inputs operate correctly and efficiently is one of the most critical issues for energy harvesting technology. In this article, we built an instantly on\/off system based on nonvolatile STT-MRAM for IoT applications, which can instantly power on\/off under different conditions of the harvested energy. The system powers on and operates normally when the harvested energy is enough (over the preset threshold); otherwise, the system powers off and stores the operational data back to the nonvolatile STT-MRAM. We described implementations of the hardware\/software co-designed architecture (with image acquisition as an example) based on the commercialized 32 MB STT-MRAM, and we experimentally demonstrated the system functionality and efficiency under five typical energy harvesting scenarios, including radio frequency, thermal, solar, piezoelectric, and WIFI. Our experimental results show that the power consumption and data restore time were reduced by\u00a015.1% and\u00a0714 times, respectively, in comparison with the DRAM-based counterpart.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3546193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T09:01:32Z","timestamp":1657011692000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Experimental Demonstration of STT-MRAM-based Nonvolatile Instantly On\/Off System for IoT Applications: Case Studies"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8874-6269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueting","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beihang University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3169-6034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wang","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beihang University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8782-9927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Normal University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5851-777X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keni","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Normal University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8088-0404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weisheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beihang University, Beijing, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Ambiq. 2020. Ambiq Apollo blue4 Overview [EB\/OL]. Retrieved from https:\/\/ambiq.com\/apollo4-blue\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2931647"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3317679"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3391903"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2942071"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA51647.2021.00022"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3054011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2022.3162030"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2021.3094488"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2020.2978826"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3464960"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3505283"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3476992"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2020.3004191"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2017.2762431"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3302506.3310393"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3054021"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2021.3084997"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM13553.2020.9372068"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1293-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2018.2801226"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2021.3094488"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2822700"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2020.3033163"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2020.3038454"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900109"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1480-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2016.2601330"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3135385"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2022.3148123"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2019.2920630"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA47549.2020.00048"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2021.3115466"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2022.3165076"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2910282"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3396236"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3109747"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC51774.2021.00144"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2018.2889847"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2946292"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2018.2889112"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9091345"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSSC.2020.3019078"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2021.3074542"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2019.2902475"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDMR.2018.2829112"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2018.2862155"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2967123"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA47549.2020.00034"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051809"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2986681"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/R10-HTC.2013.6669062"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2855563"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2017.2734819"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3060403.3060434"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2021.3099780"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC\/SmartCity\/DSS.2019.00055"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3396236"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMICT51748.2021.9434925"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2933867"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.109901"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2020.3017337"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2022.3166548"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA45697.2020.00042"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3476995"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3546193","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3546193","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T19:00:23Z","timestamp":1750186823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3546193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3546193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3546193","relation":{},"ISSN":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1539-9087","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-3465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}