{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T05:18:41Z","timestamp":1751606321386,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"MHCI","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Through the past two and a half years, COVID-19 has swept through the world and new technologies for mitigating spread, such as exposure notification applications and contact tracing, have been implemented in many countries. However, the uptake has differed from country to country and it has not been clear if culture, death rates or information dissemination have been a factor in their adoption rate. However, these apps introduce issues of trust and privacy protection, which can create challenges in terms of adoptions and daily use. In this paper we present the results from a cross-country survey study of potential barriers to adoption of in particular COVID-19 contact tracing apps. We found that people's existing privacy concerns are an have a reverse correlation with adoption behavior but that the geographical location, as well as other demographics, such as age and gender, do not have significant effect on either adoption of the app or privacy concerns. Instead, a better understanding of what data is collected through the apps lead to a higher level of adoption. We provide suggestions for how to approach the development and deployment of contact tracing apps and more broadly health tracking apps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3546739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T23:14:30Z","timestamp":1663715670000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["#34;You have been in Close Contact with a Person Infected with COVID-19 and you may have been Infected#34;"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Oksana","family":"Kulyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Britton-Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elda","family":"Paja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Duckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Barkhuus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Acceptability of app-based contact tracing for COVID-19: Cross-country survey study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, 8","author":"Altmann Samuel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Samuel Altmann , Luke Milsom , Hannah Zillessen , Raffaele Blasone , Frederic Gerdon , Ruben Bach , Frauke Kreuter , Daniele Nosenzo , S\u00e9verine Toussaert , and Johannes Abeler . 2020. Acceptability of app-based contact tracing for COVID-19: Cross-country survey study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, 8 ( 2020 ), 1--9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/19857 10.2196\/19857 Samuel Altmann, Luke Milsom, Hannah Zillessen, Raffaele Blasone, Frederic Gerdon, Ruben Bach, Frauke Kreuter, Daniele Nosenzo, S\u00e9verine Toussaert, and Johannes Abeler. 2020. Acceptability of app-based contact tracing for COVID-19: Cross-country survey study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, 8 (2020), 1--9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/19857"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Angelo Amante and Elvira Pollina. 2020. Italians embrace coronavirus tracing app as privacy fears ease. https: \/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-italy-apps-idUSKBN23I2M5  Angelo Amante and Elvira Pollina. 2020. Italians embrace coronavirus tracing app as privacy fears ease. https: \/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-italy-apps-idUSKBN23I2M5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"The Mismeasurement of Privacy: Using Contextual Integrity to Reconsider Privacy in HCI","author":"Barkhuus Louise","year":"2076","unstructured":"Louise Barkhuus . 2012. The Mismeasurement of Privacy: Using Contextual Integrity to Reconsider Privacy in HCI . Association for Computing Machinery , New York, NY, USA , 367--376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2 2076 76.2207727 10.1145\/2207676.2207727 Louise Barkhuus. 2012. The Mismeasurement of Privacy: Using Contextual Integrity to Reconsider Privacy in HCI. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 367--376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2207676.2207727"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Louise Barkhuus and A. Dey. 2003. Location-Based Services for Mobile Telephony: a Study of Users' Privacy Concerns. In INTERACT. IOS Press.  Louise Barkhuus and A. Dey. 2003. Location-Based Services for Mobile Telephony: a Study of Users' Privacy Concerns. In INTERACT. IOS Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Riccardo Berti Alessandro Longo and Simone Zanetti. 2021. Immune what it is and how the Italian coronavirus app works. https:\/\/www.agendadigitale.eu\/cultura-digitale\/immuni-come-funziona-lapp-italiana-contro-il-coronavirus\/  Riccardo Berti Alessandro Longo and Simone Zanetti. 2021. Immune what it is and how the Italian coronavirus app works. https:\/\/www.agendadigitale.eu\/cultura-digitale\/immuni-come-funziona-lapp-italiana-contro-il-coronavirus\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/23362"},{"volume-title":"The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology","author":"Brinkmann Svend","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Svend Brinkmann and Steinar Kvale . 2017. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology . Sage . Svend Brinkmann and Steinar Kvale. 2017. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1864349.1864381"},{"volume-title":"When, & What People Want to Share","author":"Consolvo Sunny","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Sunny Consolvo , Ian E. Smith , Tara Matthews , Anthony LaMarca , Jason Tabert , and Pauline Powledge . 2005. Location Disclosure to Social Relations: Why , When, & What People Want to Share . Association for Computing Machinery , New York, NY, USA , 81--90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1054972.1054985 10.1145\/1054972.1054985 Sunny Consolvo, Ian E. Smith, Tara Matthews, Anthony LaMarca, Jason Tabert, and Pauline Powledge. 2005. Location Disclosure to Social Relations: Why, When, & What People Want to Share. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 81--90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1054972.1054985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4354-z"},{"volume-title":"The sage handbook of qualitative research ethics","author":"Delamont Sara","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Sara Delamont and Paul Atkinson . 2018. The sage handbook of qualitative research ethics . Sage . Sara Delamont and Paul Atkinson. 2018. The sage handbook of qualitative research ethics. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/23467"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3458026.3462158"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Nicolai Franck. 2020. Smittestop-app [thumps-up] eller [thumps-down]: Skepsis og Kritik er Fuldt Berettiget Men Jeg Vil Stadig bruge Den og tror Vi kan l\u00e6re en masse. https:\/\/techliv.dk\/smittestop-app-skepsis-og-kritik-er-fuldtberettiget-men-jeg-vil-stadig-bruge-den-og-tror-vi-kan\/  Nicolai Franck. 2020. Smittestop-app [thumps-up] eller [thumps-down]: Skepsis og Kritik er Fuldt Berettiget Men Jeg Vil Stadig bruge Den og tror Vi kan l\u00e6re en masse. https:\/\/techliv.dk\/smittestop-app-skepsis-og-kritik-er-fuldtberettiget-men-jeg-vil-stadig-bruge-den-og-tror-vi-kan\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"GitHub. [n.d.]. Corona-warn-app. https:\/\/github.com\/corona-warn-app\/  GitHub. [n.d.]. Corona-warn-app. https:\/\/github.com\/corona-warn-app\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"GitHub. 2020. After upgrade to iOS 13.6 the app is disabled and cannot be re-enabled because region is not supported. https:\/\/github.com\/corona-warn-app\/cwa-app-ios\/issues\/911  GitHub. 2020. After upgrade to iOS 13.6 the app is disabled and cannot be re-enabled because region is not supported. https:\/\/github.com\/corona-warn-app\/cwa-app-ios\/issues\/911"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Seventeenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2021","author":"H\u00e4ring Maximilian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maximilian H\u00e4ring , Eva Gerlitz , Christian Tiefenau , Matthew Smith , Dominik Wermke , Sascha Fahl , and Yasemin Acar . 2021 . Never ever or no matter what: Investigating Adoption Intentions and Misconceptions about the CoronaWarn-App in Germany . In Seventeenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2021 ). USENIX Association, 77--98. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/soups 2021\/presentation\/acar Maximilian H\u00e4ring, Eva Gerlitz, Christian Tiefenau, Matthew Smith, Dominik Wermke, Sascha Fahl, and Yasemin Acar. 2021. Never ever or no matter what: Investigating Adoption Intentions and Misconceptions about the CoronaWarn-App in Germany. In Seventeenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2021). USENIX Association, 77--98. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/soups2021\/presentation\/acar"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Hanna Heine. 2020. Corona-Warn-App version 1.10 comes with an integrated Contact journal. https:\/\/www. coronawarn.app\/en\/blog\/2020--12--24-corona-warn-app-version-1--10-announcement\/  Hanna Heine. 2020. Corona-Warn-App version 1.10 comes with an integrated Contact journal. https:\/\/www. coronawarn.app\/en\/blog\/2020--12--24-corona-warn-app-version-1--10-announcement\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Hanna Heine. 2021. Corona-Warn-App version 1.12 comes with two new features. https:\/\/www.coronawarn.app\/en\/ blog\/2021-02--10-corona-warn-app-version-1--12\/  Hanna Heine. 2021. Corona-Warn-App version 1.12 comes with two new features. https:\/\/www.coronawarn.app\/en\/ blog\/2021-02--10-corona-warn-app-version-1--12\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Janina Hoerdt. 2021. Aktuelle Zahlen und Fakten zur Corona-Warn-App. https:\/\/www.coronawarn.app\/de\/blog\/2021- 08--20-facts-and-figures\/  Janina Hoerdt. 2021. Aktuelle Zahlen und Fakten zur Corona-Warn-App. https:\/\/www.coronawarn.app\/de\/blog\/2021- 08--20-facts-and-figures\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"InfoData. 2020. Blog: I dati dell'app immuni sono disponibili in formato aperto ma si fermano al dettaglio regionale. https:\/\/www.infodata.ilsole24ore.com\/2020\/11\/02\/i-dati-dellapp-immuni-sono-disponibili-in-formatoaperto-ma-si-fermano-al-dettaglio-regionale\/  InfoData. 2020. Blog: I dati dell'app immuni sono disponibili in formato aperto ma si fermano al dettaglio regionale. https:\/\/www.infodata.ilsole24ore.com\/2020\/11\/02\/i-dati-dellapp-immuni-sono-disponibili-in-formatoaperto-ma-si-fermano-al-dettaglio-regionale\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Redmiles","author":"Kaptchuk Gabriel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gabriel Kaptchuk , Daniel G. Goldstein , Eszter Hargittai , Jake M. Hofman , and Elissa M . Redmiles . 2020 . How good is good enough for COVID19 apps? The influence of benefits, accuracy, and privacy on willingness to adopt. CoRR abs\/2005.04343 (2020). arXiv:2005.04343 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2005.04343 Gabriel Kaptchuk, Daniel G. Goldstein, Eszter Hargittai, Jake M. Hofman, and Elissa M. Redmiles. 2020. How good is good enough for COVID19 apps? The influence of benefits, accuracy, and privacy on willingness to adopt. CoRR abs\/2005.04343 (2020). arXiv:2005.04343 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2005.04343"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2021.101439"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Hong","author":"Li Tianshi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tianshi Li , Jackie Yang , Cori Faklaris , Jennifer King , Yuvraj Agarwal , Laura Dabbish , and Jason I . Hong . 2020 . Decentralized is not risk-free: Understanding public perceptions of privacy-utility trade-offs in COVID-19 contact-tracing apps. CoRR abs\/2005.11957 (2020). arXiv:2005.11957 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2005.11957 Tianshi Li, Jackie Yang, Cori Faklaris, Jennifer King, Yuvraj Agarwal, Laura Dabbish, and Jason I. Hong. 2020. Decentralized is not risk-free: Understanding public perceptions of privacy-utility trade-offs in COVID-19 contact-tracing apps. CoRR abs\/2005.11957 (2020). arXiv:2005.11957 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2005.11957"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Epstein","author":"Lu Xi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xi Lu , Tera L. Reynolds , Eunkyung Jo , Hwajung Hong , Xinru Page , Yunan Chen , and Daniel A . Epstein . 2021 . Comparing Perspectives Around Human and Technology Support for Contact Tracing. Association for Computing Machinery , New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411764.3445669 10.1145\/3411764.3445669 Xi Lu, Tera L. Reynolds, Eunkyung Jo, Hwajung Hong, Xinru Page, Yunan Chen, and Daniel A. Epstein. 2021. Comparing Perspectives Around Human and Technology Support for Contact Tracing. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411764.3445669"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"C. Mancini L. Jedrzejczyk A. Bandara B. Nuseibeh K. Thomas B. Price Yvonne Rogers and A. Joinson. 2010. Predators and Prey: Ubiquitous Tracking Privacy and the Social Contract.  C. Mancini L. Jedrzejczyk A. Bandara B. Nuseibeh K. Thomas B. Price Yvonne Rogers and A. Joinson. 2010. Predators and Prey: Ubiquitous Tracking Privacy and the Social Contract."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Jo Ann Krenitsky, and Robert S. Epstein","author":"Maytin Lauren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lauren Maytin , Jason Maytin , Priya Agarwal , Anna Krenitsky , Jo Ann Krenitsky, and Robert S. Epstein . 2021 . Attitudes and perceptions toward covid-19 digital surveillance: Survey of young adults in the United State. JMIR Formative Research 5, 1 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/23000 10.2196\/23000 Lauren Maytin, Jason Maytin, Priya Agarwal, Anna Krenitsky, Jo Ann Krenitsky, and Robert S. Epstein. 2021. Attitudes and perceptions toward covid-19 digital surveillance: Survey of young adults in the United State. JMIR Formative Research 5, 1 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/23000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Millennial attitudes towards sharing mobile phone location data with health agencies: a qualitative study","volume":"0","author":"Murphy Hannah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hannah Murphy , Lauren Keahey , Emma Bennett , Archie Drake , Samantha K. Brooks , and G. James Rubin . 2020 . Millennial attitudes towards sharing mobile phone location data with health agencies: a qualitative study . Information, Communication & Society 0 , 0 (2020), 1 -- 14 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1753798 arXiv:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1753798 10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1753798 Hannah Murphy, Lauren Keahey, Emma Bennett, Archie Drake, Samantha K. Brooks, and G. James Rubin. 2020. Millennial attitudes towards sharing mobile phone location data with health agencies: a qualitative study. Information, Communication & Society 0, 0 (2020), 1--14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1753798 arXiv:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1753798","journal-title":"Information, Communication & Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/25893"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Considerations for the Design and Implementation of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps: Scoping Review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 9, 6","author":"Osmanlliu Esli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Esli Osmanlliu , Edmond Rafie , Sylvain B\u00e9dard , Jesseca Paquette , Genevieve Gore , and Marie-Pascale Pomey . 2021. Considerations for the Design and Implementation of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps: Scoping Review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 9, 6 ( 2021 ). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/27102 10.2196\/27102 Esli Osmanlliu, Edmond Rafie, Sylvain B\u00e9dard, Jesseca Paquette, Genevieve Gore, and Marie-Pascale Pomey. 2021. Considerations for the Design and Implementation of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps: Scoping Review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 9, 6 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/27102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/28961"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Biological Sciences 327, 1241","author":"Reason James","year":"1990","unstructured":"James Reason . 1990. The contribution of latent human failures to the breakdown of complex systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B , Biological Sciences 327, 1241 ( 1990 ), 475--484. James Reason. 1990. The contribution of latent human failures to the breakdown of complex systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 327, 1241 (1990), 475--484."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Reuters. 2020. Italy launches COVID-19 contact-tracing app amid privacy concerns. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/ us-health-coronavirus-italy-app-idUSKBN2383EW  Reuters. 2020. Italy launches COVID-19 contact-tracing app amid privacy concerns. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/ us-health-coronavirus-italy-app-idUSKBN2383EW"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Corona-Warn-App Open Source Project. https:\/\/www.coronawarn.app\/en\/ last accessed on September 10th","author":"Robert Koch Institute","year":"2021","unstructured":"Robert Koch Institute . 2021. Corona-Warn-App Open Source Project. https:\/\/www.coronawarn.app\/en\/ last accessed on September 10th , 2021 . Robert Koch Institute. 2021. Corona-Warn-App Open Source Project. https:\/\/www.coronawarn.app\/en\/ last accessed on September 10th, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"The Swiss Cheese Model of Pandemic Defense. The New York Times (December","author":"Roberts Siobhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siobhan Roberts . 2020. The Swiss Cheese Model of Pandemic Defense. The New York Times (December 2020 ). https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/12\/05\/health\/coronavirus-swiss-cheese-infection-mackay.html'smid=url-share Siobhan Roberts. 2020. The Swiss Cheese Model of Pandemic Defense. The New York Times (December 2020). https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/12\/05\/health\/coronavirus-swiss-cheese-infection-mackay.html'smid=url-share"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2020.1803155"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Lorenzo Ruffino. 2021. Tutti i dati su immuni. https:\/\/www.youtrend.it\/2020\/11\/24\/tutti-i-dati-su-immuni\/  Lorenzo Ruffino. 2021. Tutti i dati su immuni. https:\/\/www.youtrend.it\/2020\/11\/24\/tutti-i-dati-su-immuni\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Mia Sato. 2021. Contact tracing apps now cover nearly half of america. it's not too late to use one. https:\/\/www. technologyreview.com\/2020\/12\/14\/1014426\/covid-california-contact-tracing-app-america-states\/  Mia Sato. 2021. Contact tracing apps now cover nearly half of america. it's not too late to use one. https:\/\/www. technologyreview.com\/2020\/12\/14\/1014426\/covid-california-contact-tracing-app-america-states\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Eleventh symposium on usable privacy and security (SOUPS","author":"Schaub Florian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Florian Schaub , Rebecca Balebako , Adam L Durity , and Lorrie Faith Cranor . 2015 . A design space for effective privacy notices . In Eleventh symposium on usable privacy and security (SOUPS 2015). 1--17. Florian Schaub, Rebecca Balebako, Adam L Durity, and Lorrie Faith Cranor. 2015. A design space for effective privacy notices. In Eleventh symposium on usable privacy and security (SOUPS 2015). 1--17."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2957276.2957289"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"John","key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"John S. Seberger and Sameer Patil. 2021. Us and Them (and It): Social Orientation, Privacy Concerns, and Expected Use of Pandemic-Tracking Apps in the United States . In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems ( Yokohama, Japan) (CHI '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 65, 19 pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411764.3445485 10.1145\/3411764.3445485 John S. Seberger and Sameer Patil. 2021. Us and Them (and It): Social Orientation, Privacy Concerns, and Expected Use of Pandemic-Tracking Apps in the United States. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Yokohama, Japan) (CHI '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 65, 19 pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411764.3445485"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/25726"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"smittestop.dk. [n.d.]. Processing of Personal Data. https:\/\/smittestop.dk\/en\/data-protection\/  smittestop.dk. [n.d.]. Processing of Personal Data. https:\/\/smittestop.dk\/en\/data-protection\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Henrik S\u00f8e. 2020. Fejl I smittestop-app: Brugere har misset advarsler. https:\/\/www.avisen.dk\/citat-erkender-fejlandroid-brugere-har-misset-smi_627068.aspx  Henrik S\u00f8e. 2020. Fejl I smittestop-app: Brugere har misset advarsler. https:\/\/www.avisen.dk\/citat-erkender-fejlandroid-brugere-har-misset-smi_627068.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1864349.1864363"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"More than privacy: Australians' concerns and misconceptions about the COVIDSafe App. medRxiv","author":"Thomas Rae","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rae Thomas , Zoe A Michaleff , Hannah Greenwood , Eman Abukmail , and Paul Glasziou . 2020. More than privacy: Australians' concerns and misconceptions about the COVIDSafe App. medRxiv ( 2020 ). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.06. 09.20126110 arXiv:https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/early\/2020\/07\/29\/2020.06.09.20126110.full.pdf 10.1101\/2020.06 Rae Thomas, Zoe A Michaleff, Hannah Greenwood, Eman Abukmail, and Paul Glasziou. 2020. More than privacy: Australians' concerns and misconceptions about the COVIDSafe App. medRxiv (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.06. 09.20126110 arXiv:https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/early\/2020\/07\/29\/2020.06.09.20126110.full.pdf"},{"volume-title":"Apps Against the Spread: Privacy Implications and User Acceptance of COVID-19- Related Smartphone Apps on Three Continents","author":"Utz Christine","key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Christine Utz , Steffen Becker , Theodor Schnitzler , Florian M. Farke , Franziska Herbert , Leonie Schaewitz , Martin Degeling , and Markus D\u00fcrmuth . 2021. Apps Against the Spread: Privacy Implications and User Acceptance of COVID-19- Related Smartphone Apps on Three Continents . Association for Computing Machinery , New York, NY, USA . https: \/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411764.3445517 10.1145\/3411764.3445517 Christine Utz, Steffen Becker, Theodor Schnitzler, Florian M. Farke, Franziska Herbert, Leonie Schaewitz, Martin Degeling, and Markus D\u00fcrmuth. 2021. Apps Against the Spread: Privacy Implications and User Acceptance of COVID-19- Related Smartphone Apps on Three Continents. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https: \/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411764.3445517"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"More Than Just Privacy: Using Contextual Integrity to Evaluate the LongTerm Risks from COVID-19 Surveillance Technologies. Social Media + Society 6, 3","author":"Vitak Jessica","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jessica Vitak and Michael Zimmer . 2020. More Than Just Privacy: Using Contextual Integrity to Evaluate the LongTerm Risks from COVID-19 Surveillance Technologies. Social Media + Society 6, 3 ( 2020 ), 2056305120948250. https: \/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2056305120948250 arXiv:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2056305120948250 PMID: 34192036. 10.1177\/2056305120948250 Jessica Vitak and Michael Zimmer. 2020. More Than Just Privacy: Using Contextual Integrity to Evaluate the LongTerm Risks from COVID-19 Surveillance Technologies. Social Media + Society 6, 3 (2020), 2056305120948250. https: \/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2056305120948250 arXiv:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2056305120948250 PMID: 34192036."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Drivers of Acceptance of COVID-19 Proximity Tracing Apps in Switzerland: Panel Survey Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 7, 1 (6","author":"von Wyl Viktor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Viktor von Wyl , Marc H\u00f6glinger , Chlo\u00e9 Sieber , Marco Kaufmann , Andr\u00e9 Moser , Miquel Serra-Burriel , Tala Ballouz , Dominik Menges , Anja Frei , and Milo Alan Puhan . 2021. Drivers of Acceptance of COVID-19 Proximity Tracing Apps in Switzerland: Panel Survey Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 7, 1 (6 Jan 2021 ), e25701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/25701 10.2196\/25701 Viktor von Wyl, Marc H\u00f6glinger, Chlo\u00e9 Sieber, Marco Kaufmann, Andr\u00e9 Moser, Miquel Serra-Burriel, Tala Ballouz, Dominik Menges, Anja Frei, and Milo Alan Puhan. 2021. Drivers of Acceptance of COVID-19 Proximity Tracing Apps in Switzerland: Panel Survey Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 7, 1 (6 Jan 2021), e25701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/25701"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Americans' perceptions of privacy and surveillance in the COVID-19 Pandemic. (05","author":"Zhang Baobao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baobao Zhang , Sarah Kreps , and Nina McMurry . 2020. Americans' perceptions of privacy and surveillance in the COVID-19 Pandemic. (05 2020 ). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/9wz3y 10.31219\/osf.io Baobao Zhang, Sarah Kreps, and Nina McMurry. 2020. Americans' perceptions of privacy and surveillance in the COVID-19 Pandemic. (05 2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/9wz3y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/25525"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3546739","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3546739","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T18:44:04Z","timestamp":1750272244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3546739"}},"subtitle":["Understanding Privacy Concerns, Trust and Adoption in Mobile COVID-19 Tracing Across Four Countries"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"MHCI","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3546739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3546739","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2573-0142"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}