{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:15:52Z","timestamp":1750220152264,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]],"date-time":"2022-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Research Council of Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Model. Perform. Eval. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Performance models of server systems, based on layered queues, may be very complex. This is particularly true for cloud-based systems based on microservices, which may have hundreds of distinct components, and for models derived by automated data analysis. Often only a few of these many components determine the system performance, and a smaller simplified model is all that is needed. To assist an analyst, this work describes a<jats:italic>focused model<\/jats:italic>that includes the important components (the<jats:italic>focus<\/jats:italic>) and aggregates the rest in groups, called dependency groups. The method<jats:italic>Focus-based Simplification with Preservation of Tasks<\/jats:italic>described here fills an important gap in a previous method by the same authors. The use of focused models for sensitivity predictions is evaluated empirically in the article on a large set of randomly generated models. It is found that the accuracy depends on a \u201csaturation ratio\u201d (<jats:italic>SR<\/jats:italic>) between the highest utilization value in the model and the highest value of a component<jats:italic>excluded<\/jats:italic>from the focus; evidence suggests that<jats:italic>SR<\/jats:italic>must be at least 2 and must be larger to evaluate larger model changes. This dependency was captured in an \u201cAccurate Sensitivity Hypothesis\u201d based on<jats:italic>SR,<\/jats:italic>which can be used to indicate trustable sensitivity results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3549539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T11:40:27Z","timestamp":1658317227000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Focused Layered Performance Modelling by Aggregation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8596-0593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhana","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4688-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorina","family":"Petriu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2134-5994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murray","family":"Woodside","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","article-title":"Exact analysis of special networks","volume":"31","author":"Balsamo S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"S. Balsamo, V. de Nitto Person\u00e9, and R. Onvural. 2001. Exact analysis of special networks. In Analysis of Queueing Networks with Blocking. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, 31. Springer, Boston, MA.","journal-title":"Analysis of Queueing Networks with Blocking"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE.2011.6100052"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3215235"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.191.0036"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IMIS.2011.80"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-5316(93)90029-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-5316(87)90042-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","first-page":"4486","article-title":"State aggregation learning from markov transition data","volume":"32","author":"Duan Y.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Y. Duan, T. Ke, and M. Wang. 2019. State aggregation learning from markov transition data. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32, 4486\u20134495.","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2008.74"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","volume-title":"Performance Analysis of Distributed Server SystemsPh.D. thesis","author":"Franks G.","year":"1999","unstructured":"G. Franks. 1999. Performance Analysis of Distributed Server Systems. Ph.D. thesis, Carleton University, Systems and Computer Engineering."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/QEST.2006.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"G. Franks. lqngen\u2014Generate Layered Queueing Network Models. Retrieved from www.layeredqueues.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.1983.1676125"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1109\/QEST.2006.17","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Quantitative Evaluation of Systems (QEST'06)","author":"Ilie J. M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"J. M. Ilie, S. Baarir, G. Franceschinis, and M. Beccuti. 2006. Efficient lumpability check in partially symmetric systems. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Quantitative Evaluation of Systems (QEST'06). 211\u2013220."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","first-page":"65","article-title":"Simplifying layered queuing network models","volume":"9272","author":"Islam F.","year":"2015","unstructured":"F. Islam, D. Petriu, and M. Woodside. 2015. Simplifying layered queuing network models. In Proceedings of the 12th European Workshop on Performance Engineering (EPEW\u201915). LNCS, 9272, 65\u201379.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 12th European Workshop on Performance Engineering (EPEW\u201915)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","first-page":"241","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM\/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering","author":"Islam F.","year":"2018","unstructured":"F. Islam, D. Petriu, and M. Woodside. 2018. Choice of aggregation groups for layered performance model simplification. In Proceedings of the ACM\/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering. 241\u2013252."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","volume-title":"Simplifying Layered Queueing Network ModelsPh.D. thesis","author":"Islam F.","year":"2018","unstructured":"F. Islam. 2018. Simplifying Layered Queueing Network Models. Ph.D. thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800189.805487"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/321386.321388"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2151024.2151028"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","volume-title":"Applied Linear Statistical Models","author":"Kutner M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"M. Kutner, C. Nachtsheim, J. Neter, and W. Li. 2004. Applied Linear Statistical Models. McGraw\u2013Hill, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2971"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Network and Service Management","author":"Li J. Z.","year":"2011","unstructured":"J. Z. Li, M. Woodside, J. Chinneck, and M. Litoiu. 2011. CloudOpt: Multi-Goal optimization of application deployments across a cloud. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Network and Service Management. IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/12.376171"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","first-page":"482","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems","author":"Lin H. C.","year":"1993","unstructured":"H. C. Lin and C. S. Raghavendra. 1993. A state-aggregation method for analyzing dynamic load-balancing policies. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. 482\u2013489."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-5316(91)90047-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1712605.1712624"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","volume-title":"Rapid Modelling for Increasing Competitiveness","author":"Rabta B.","year":"2009","unstructured":"B. Rabta. 2009. A review of decomposition methods for open queueing networks. In Rapid Modelling for Increasing Competitiveness, G. Reiner (ed.). Springer, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1712605.1712609"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.403785"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2005.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2018.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","volume-title":"Information Processing","volume":"77","author":"Sevcik K. C.","year":"1977","unstructured":"K. C. Sevcik. 1977. Priority scheduling disciplines in queueing network models of computer systems. In Information Processing, 77. North-Holland, Amsterdam."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","first-page":"3489","volume-title":"Component-Based Software Engineering","author":"Sharma V. S.","year":"2005","unstructured":"V. S. Sharma, P. Jalote, and K. S. Trivedi. 2005. Evaluating performance attributes of layered software architecture. In Component-Based Software Engineering, G. T. Heineman, I. Crnkovic, H. W. Schmidt, J. A. Stafford, C. Szyperski, and K. Wallnau (Eds.). LNCS, Vol. 3489."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2019.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/12.368012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69814-2_3","volume-title":"Performance Evaluation: Metrics, Models and Benchmarks","author":"Woodside C. M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"C. M. Woodside. 2008. The relationship of performance models to data. In Performance Evaluation: Metrics, Models and Benchmarks, S. Kounev, I. Gorton, and K. Sachs, (Eds). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 5119. Springer, Berlin, 9\u201328."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-013-0385-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","volume-title":"Tutorial Introduction to Layered Modeling of Software Performance, Edition 4.0","author":"Woodside C. M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"C. M. Woodside. 2013. Tutorial Introduction to Layered Modeling of Software Performance, Edition 4.0. RADS Lab, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-008-0052-0"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3549539","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3549539","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T19:00:11Z","timestamp":1750186811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3549539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3549539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3549539","relation":{},"ISSN":["2376-3639","2376-3647"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2376-3639"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2376-3647"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}