{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T20:38:34Z","timestamp":1776112714864,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Hum.-Robot Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Professional service robots are increasingly being deployed in public places, which thus increases user exposure. However, we lack an empirical understanding of complex encounters taking place in dynamic and often crowded environments as well as how people overcome breakdowns during unguided interaction with a robot in a real-world scenario. In this paper, we conducted a covert, digital ethnographic study analyzing 104 user-generated YouTube videos focusing on people\u2019s unguided interactions with robots in several public places. We identified several types of interaction breakdowns pertaining to someone\n            <jats:bold>(person-initiated interaction breakdown, IB)<\/jats:bold>\n            or something\n            <jats:bold>(environmental disturbances, ED)<\/jats:bold>\n            having a direct, negative effect on an ongoing unguided interaction. Our findings have implications for the design and development of service robots facing multi-user scenarios entertaining active (primary and secondary) users, inactive (commentators and observers) \u2018users\u2019, and\n            <jats:bold>Incidentally Co-present Persons (InCoPs)<\/jats:bold>\n            . Furthermore, we contribute to and built on the limited prior use of YouTube videos and digital ethnography in HRI research, thereby demonstrating its effectiveness in studying unguided interactions in public places, while supplementing and adding to the existing knowledge base of service robots in public places.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3550280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T11:46:48Z","timestamp":1659354408000},"page":"1-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Using User-Generated YouTube Videos to Understand Unguided Interactions with Robots in Public Places"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5218-6503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4488-5683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael B.","family":"Skov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human-Centered Computing, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2473-8638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl Damkj\u00e6r","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2733-5954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kaszowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3434073.3444662"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.24661584"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451727"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2906831.2906897"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1868914.1868927"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696468"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"11","volume-title":"AAAI\u201998\/IAAI\u201998 Proceedings of the Fifteenth National\/Tenth Conference on Artificial Intelligence\/Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence","author":"Burgard Wolfram","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wolfram Burgard, Armin B. Cremers, Dieter Fox, Direk H\u00e4hnel, Gerhard Lakemeyer, Dirk Schulz, Walter Steiner, and Sebastian Thrun. 1998. The interactive museum tour-guide robot. In AAAI\u201998\/IAAI\u201998 Proceedings of the Fifteenth National\/Tenth Conference on Artificial Intelligence\/Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence. ACM, Wisconsin, USA, 11\u201318."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46743\/2160-3715\/2014.1028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/pjbr-2019-0019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3377343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","volume-title":"EU Data Protection Rules","author":"Commission European","year":"2018","unstructured":"European Commission. 2018. EU Data Protection Rules. Retrieved January 22, 2021 from https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/law\/law-topic\/data-protection\/eu-data-protection-rules_en."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2909824.3020236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3405450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"10","volume-title":"AAAI Spring Symposium","author":"Fischer Kerstin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kerstin Fischer, Stephen Yang, Brian Mok, Rohan Maheshwari, David Sirkin, and Wendy Ju. 2015. Initiating interactions and negotiating approach: A robotic trash can in the field. In AAAI Spring Symposium. Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), 10\u201316."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3371382.3378288"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2008.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1228716.1228735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19312450709336664"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3434073.3444661"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-42307-0_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","volume-title":"NCRM Working Paper","author":"Jewitt Carey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carey Jewitt. 2012. An introduction to using video for research. In NCRM Working Paper. NCRM (Unpublished). http:\/\/eprints.ncrm.ac.uk\/2259\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3029798.3038389"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3208975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1514095.1514127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25554-5_32"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.21.2482"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1734454.1734544"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7169.2003.tb00044.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/347642.347763"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038508094565"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1349822.1349860"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2018.8525643"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3029798.3038301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2701973.2701977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2675133.2675194"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971485.2971533"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319502.3374795"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3434073.3444659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-020-00650-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJWBC.2010.033755"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2010.5654677"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173386.3173390"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1514095.1514117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1121241.1121293"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1349822.1349862"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-013-0180-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(02)00376-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2017.8172490"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3171221.3171247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3371382.3378294"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3434073.3444681"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3371382.3374852"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-010-0066-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2487788.2487803"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319502.3374833"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2157689.2157800"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","volume-title":"Fair use on YouTube","unstructured":"YouTube. N\/A. Fair use on YouTube. Retrieved January 22, 2021 from https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/9783148?hl=en."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3550280","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3550280","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T18:43:23Z","timestamp":1750272203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3550280"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3550280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3550280","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-9522","2573-9522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-9522","type":"print"},{"value":"2573-9522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}