{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T18:41:40Z","timestamp":1776105700956,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>How do the reasons people post misinformation affect how they respond to fact checking interventions? In this research, we conducted a qualitative study of people who shared misinformation. We started with stories marked as false by a popular fact checker, Snopes, and identified people who posted those stories on Reddit. We interviewed the posters about the story they shared and their five behaviorally distinct personas: Reason to Disagree, Changed Belief, Steadfast Non-Standard Belief, Sharing to Debunk, and Sharing for Humor. Our findings suggest that research to craft better interventions to counter misinformation might benefit from tailoring to specific personas that can serve as design tools for on-going misinformation intervention research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3555128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T22:59:06Z","timestamp":1668207546000},"page":"1-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Reactions to Fact Checking"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Scott","family":"Appling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Bruckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"}]},{"given":"Munmun","family":"De Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3265986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3272973.3272974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"An organizing framework for collective identity: articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological bulletin","author":"Ashmore Richard D","year":"2004","unstructured":"Richard D Ashmore , Kay Deaux , and Tracy McLaughlin-Volpe . 2004. An organizing framework for collective identity: articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological bulletin , Vol. 130 , 1 ( 2004 ), 80. Richard D Ashmore, Kay Deaux, and Tracy McLaughlin-Volpe. 2004. An organizing framework for collective identity: articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological bulletin, Vol. 130, 1 (2004), 80."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","author":"Babaei Mahmoudreza","unstructured":"Mahmoudreza Babaei , Abhijnan Chakraborty , Juhi Kulshrestha , Elissa M. Redmiles , Meeyoung Cha , and Krishna P. Gummadi . 2019. Analyzing Biases in Perception of Truth in News Stories and Their Implications for Fact Checking . In Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency ( Atlanta, GA, USA) (FAT* '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3287560.3287581 10.1145\/3287560.3287581 Mahmoudreza Babaei, Abhijnan Chakraborty, Juhi Kulshrestha, Elissa M. Redmiles, Meeyoung Cha, and Krishna P. Gummadi. 2019. Analyzing Biases in Perception of Truth in News Stories and Their Implications for Fact Checking. In Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (Atlanta, GA, USA) (FAT* '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3287560.3287581"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"214","article-title":"Snopes","volume":"68","author":"Band Barbara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barbara Band . 2020 . Snopes . The School Librarian , Vol. 68 , 4 (2020), 214 -- 214 . Barbara Band. 2020. Snopes. The School Librarian, Vol. 68, 4 (2020), 214--214.","journal-title":"The School Librarian"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Do the right thing: Tone may not affect correction of misinformation on social media. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review","author":"Bode Leticia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leticia Bode , Emily K Vraga , and Melissa Tully . 2020. Do the right thing: Tone may not affect correction of misinformation on social media. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review ( 2020 ). Leticia Bode, Emily K Vraga, and Melissa Tully. 2020. Do the right thing: Tone may not affect correction of misinformation on social media. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3122803"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology","author":"Braun Virginia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke . 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology , Vol. 3 , 2 ( 2006 ), 77--101. Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, Vol. 3, 2 (2006), 77--101."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control","author":"Brehm Sharon S","unstructured":"Sharon S Brehm and Jack W Brehm . 2013. Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control . Academic Press . Sharon S Brehm and Jack W Brehm. 2013. Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. Academic Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Kathy Charmaz. 2006. Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. sage.  Kathy Charmaz. 2006. Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. sage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2756406.2756941"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-019-09533-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0163443714526550"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol.","volume":"3","author":"Swain Vedant Das","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vedant Das Swain , Koustuv Saha , Hemang Rajvanshy , Anusha Sirigiri , Julie M. Gregg , Suwen Lin , Gonzalo J. Martinez , Stephen M. Mattingly , Shayan Mirjafari , Raghu Mulukutla , Subigya Nepal , Kari Nies , Manikanta D. Reddy , Pablo Robles-Granda , Andrew T. Campbell , Nitesh V. Chawla , Sidney D'Mello , Anind K. Dey , Kaifeng Jiang , Qiang Liu , Gloria Mark , Edward Moskal , Aaron Striegel , Louis Tay , Gregory D. Abowd , and Munmun De Choudhury . 2019 . A Multisensor Person-Centered Approach to Understand the Role of Daily Activities in Job Performance with Organizational Personas . Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. , Vol. 3 , 4, Article 130 (Dec. 2019), 27 pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/ 10 .1145\/3369828 10.1145\/3369828 Vedant Das Swain, Koustuv Saha, Hemang Rajvanshy, Anusha Sirigiri, Julie M. Gregg, Suwen Lin, Gonzalo J. Martinez, Stephen M. Mattingly, Shayan Mirjafari, Raghu Mulukutla, Subigya Nepal, Kari Nies, Manikanta D. Reddy, Pablo Robles-Granda, Andrew T. Campbell, Nitesh V. Chawla, Sidney D'Mello, Anind K. Dey, Kaifeng Jiang, Qiang Liu, Gloria Mark, Edward Moskal, Aaron Striegel, Louis Tay, Gregory D. Abowd, and Munmun De Choudhury. 2019. A Multisensor Person-Centered Approach to Understand the Role of Daily Activities in Job Performance with Organizational Personas. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol., Vol. 3, 4, Article 130 (Dec. 2019), 27 pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3369828"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517441113"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Sulaiman Abubakar Musa, and Rukayya Sunusi Alkassim","author":"Etikan Ilker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ilker Etikan , Sulaiman Abubakar Musa, and Rukayya Sunusi Alkassim . 2016 . Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, Vol. 5 , 1 (2016), 1--4. Ilker Etikan, Sulaiman Abubakar Musa, and Rukayya Sunusi Alkassim. 2016. Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, Vol. 5, 1 (2016), 1--4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","article-title":"Pausing to consider why a headline is true or false can help reduce the sharing of false news","volume":"1","author":"Fazio Lisa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lisa Fazio . 2020 . Pausing to consider why a headline is true or false can help reduce the sharing of false news . Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review , Vol. 1 , 2 (2020). Lisa Fazio. 2020. Pausing to consider why a headline is true or false can help reduce the sharing of false news. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, Vol. 1, 2 (2020).","journal-title":"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"A conceptual and operational definition of'social role'in online community. In 2009 42nd hawaii international conference on system sciences","author":"Gleave Eric","unstructured":"Eric Gleave , Howard T Welser , Thomas M Lento , and Marc A Smith . 2009. A conceptual and operational definition of'social role'in online community. In 2009 42nd hawaii international conference on system sciences . IEEE , 1--11. Eric Gleave, Howard T Welser, Thomas M Lento, and Marc A Smith. 2009. A conceptual and operational definition of'social role'in online community. In 2009 42nd hawaii international conference on system sciences. IEEE, 1--11."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eddie Harmon-Jones and Judson Mills. 2019. An introduction to cognitive dissonance theory and an overview of current perspectives on the theory. (2019).  Eddie Harmon-Jones and Judson Mills. 2019. An introduction to cognitive dissonance theory and an overview of current perspectives on the theory. (2019).","DOI":"10.1037\/0000135-001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Fighting Misinformation on Twitter--the Plugin Based Approach TrustyTweet. Science Peace Security ?19","author":"Hartwig Katrin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Katrin Hartwig and Christian Reuter . 2019. Fighting Misinformation on Twitter--the Plugin Based Approach TrustyTweet. Science Peace Security ?19 ( 2019 ), 67. Katrin Hartwig and Christian Reuter. 2019. Fighting Misinformation on Twitter--the Plugin Based Approach TrustyTweet. Science Peace Security ?19 (2019), 67."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02691728.2017.1383530"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376383"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"fast and slow","author":"Kahneman Daniel","unstructured":"Daniel Kahneman . 2011. Thinking , fast and slow . Macmillan . Daniel Kahneman. 2011. Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168018786848"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"AI won't solve the fake news problem. New York Times","author":"Marcus Gary","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gary Marcus and Ernest Davis . 2018. No , AI won't solve the fake news problem. New York Times ( 2018 ). Gary Marcus and Ernest Davis. 2018. No, AI won't solve the fake news problem. New York Times (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"474","article-title":"Why do people share fake news? A sociotechnical model of media effects","volume":"2","author":"Marwick Alice E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alice E Marwick . 2018 . Why do people share fake news? A sociotechnical model of media effects . Georgetown Law Technology Review , Vol. 2 , 2 (2018), 474 -- 512 . Alice E Marwick. 2018. Why do people share fake news? A sociotechnical model of media effects. Georgetown Law Technology Review, Vol. 2, 2 (2018), 474--512.","journal-title":"Georgetown Law Technology Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Matthew B Miles A Michael Huberman Johnny Saldana etal 2014. Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. (2014).  Matthew B Miles A Michael Huberman Johnny Saldana et al. 2014. Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohsen Mosleh Cameron Martel Dean Eckles and David Rand. 2021. Perverse Downstream Consequences of Debunking: Being Corrected by Another User for Posting False Political News Increases Subsequent Sharing of Low Quality Partisan and Toxic Content in a Twitter Field Experiment. In proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1--13.  Mohsen Mosleh Cameron Martel Dean Eckles and David Rand. 2021. Perverse Downstream Consequences of Debunking: Being Corrected by Another User for Posting False Political News Increases Subsequent Sharing of Low Quality Partisan and Toxic Content in a Twitter Field Experiment. In proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1--13.","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445642"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1718918.1718953"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420150303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305119897322"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15205436.2020.1733613"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3450121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2019.3478"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Gordon Pennycook Ziv Epstein Mohsen Mosleh Antonio Alonso Arechar Dean Eckles and David Rand. [n.d.]. Understanding and reducing the spread of misinformation online. ( [n. d.]).  Gordon Pennycook Ziv Epstein Mohsen Mosleh Antonio Alonso Arechar Dean Eckles and David Rand. [n.d.]. Understanding and reducing the spread of misinformation online. ( [n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation online. Nature","author":"Pennycook Gordon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gordon Pennycook , Ziv Epstein , Mohsen Mosleh , Antonio A Arechar , Dean Eckles , and David G Rand . 2021. Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation online. Nature ( 2021 ), 1--6. Gordon Pennycook, Ziv Epstein, Mohsen Mosleh, Antonio A Arechar, Dean Eckles, and David G Rand. 2021. Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation online. Nature (2021), 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v23i6.8415"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Social Catalysts: Characterizing People Who Spark Conversations Among Others. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.","volume":"5","author":"Saveski Martin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martin Saveski , Farshad Kooti , Sylvia Morelli Vitousek , Carlos Diuk , Bryce Bartlett , and Lada A. Adamic . 2021 . Social Catalysts: Characterizing People Who Spark Conversations Among Others. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. , Vol. 5 , CSCW2, Article 292 (oct 2021 ), 20 pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3476023 10.1145\/3476023 Martin Saveski, Farshad Kooti, Sylvia Morelli Vitousek, Carlos Diuk, Bryce Bartlett, and Lada A. Adamic. 2021. Social Catalysts: Characterizing People Who Spark Conversations Among Others. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., Vol. 5, CSCW2, Article 292 (oct 2021), 20 pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3476023"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Irving Seidman. 2006. Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences. Teachers college press.  Irving Seidman. 2006. Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences. Teachers college press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Cohen","author":"Sherman David K.","year":"2006","unstructured":"David K. Sherman and Geoffrey L . Cohen . 2006 . The Psychology of Self?defense: Self?Affirmation Theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 38 . Academic Press , 183--242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065--2601(06)38004--5 10.1016\/S0065--2601(06)38004--5 David K. Sherman and Geoffrey L. Cohen. 2006. The Psychology of Self?defense: Self?Affirmation Theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 38. Academic Press, 183--242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065--2601(06)38004--5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2017.1360143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Science","volume":"359","author":"Vosoughi Soroush","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soroush Vosoughi , Deb Roy , and Sinan Aral . 2018 . The spread of true and false news online . Science , Vol. 359 , 6380 (2018), 1146--1151. Soroush Vosoughi, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. 2018. The spread of true and false news online. Science, Vol. 359, 6380 (2018), 1146--1151."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2019.1668894"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1532673X16686555"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077699017710453"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3292500.3332287"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3289600.3291382"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3555128","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3555128","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T17:49:12Z","timestamp":1750182552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3555128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3555128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3555128","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}