{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:28:21Z","timestamp":1779236901973,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004351","name":"Cisco Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004351","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2040942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2040942"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008536","name":"Amazon Web Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008536","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Algorithmic systems help manage the governance of digital platforms featuring user-generated content, including how money is distributed to creators from the profits a platform earns from advertising on this content. However, creators producing content about disadvantaged populations have reported that these kinds of systems are biased, having associated their content with prohibited or unsafe content, leading to what creators believed were error-prone decisions to demonetize their videos. Motivated by these reports, we present the results of 20 interviews with YouTube creators and a content analysis of videos, tweets, and news about demonetization cases to understand YouTubers' perceptions of demonetization affecting videos featuring disadvantaged or vulnerable populations, as well as creator responses to demonetization, and what kinds of tools and infrastructure support they desired. We found creators had concerns about YouTube's algorithmic system stereotyping content featuring vulnerable demographics in harmful ways, for example by labeling it \"unsafe'' for children or families -- creators believed these demonetization errors led to a range of economic, social, and personal harms. To provide more context to these findings, we analyzed and report on the technique a few creators used to audit YouTube's algorithms to learn what could cause the demonetization of videos featuring LGBTQ people, culture and\/or social issues. In response to the varying beliefs about the causes and harms of demonetization errors, we found our interviewees wanted more reliable information and statistics about demonetization cases and errors, more control over their content and advertising, and better economic security.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3555149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T22:59:06Z","timestamp":1668207546000},"page":"1-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["\"Give Everybody [..] a Little Bit More Equity\": Content Creator Perspectives and Responses to the Algorithmic Demonetization of Content Associated with Disadvantaged Groups"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Kingsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Proteeti","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Motahhare","family":"Eslami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason I.","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law","volume":"40","author":"Ajunwa Ifeoma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ifeoma Ajunwa . 2019 . Age Discrimination by Platforms . In Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law , Vol. 40 . Ifeoma Ajunwa. 2019. Age Discrimination by Platforms. In Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law, Vol. 40."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Reed Albergotti. 2020. Black creators sue YouTube alleging racial discrimination: algorithm removes their content or limits how much it can earn from advertising they allege. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2020\/06\/18\/black-creators-sue-youtube-alleged-race-discrimination  Reed Albergotti. 2020. Black creators sue YouTube alleging racial discrimination: algorithm removes their content or limits how much it can earn from advertising they allege. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2020\/06\/18\/black-creators-sue-youtube-alleged-race-discrimination"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Julia Alexander. 2020. YouTube Fights Back Against Bias Lawsuit from LGBTQ Creators: a California Judge will now determine if the case moves forward. https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2020\/6\/3\/21278050\/youtube-lawsuit-lgbtq-google-doj-section-230-trump-executive-order  Julia Alexander. 2020. YouTube Fights Back Against Bias Lawsuit from LGBTQ Creators: a California Judge will now determine if the case moves forward. https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2020\/6\/3\/21278050\/youtube-lawsuit-lgbtq-google-doj-section-230-trump-executive-order"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359301"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakob Smedegaard Andersen Olaf Zukunft and W. Maalej. 2021. REM: Efficient Semi-Automated Real-Time Moderation of Online Forums. In Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations.  Jakob Smedegaard Andersen Olaf Zukunft and W. Maalej. 2021. REM: Efficient Semi-Automated Real-Time Moderation of Online Forums. In Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-demo.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v14i1.7276"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Securing Black People's Right to Shop and to Sell in White America","author":"Austin Regina","year":"1994","unstructured":"Regina Austin . 1994. \" A Nation of Thieves\" : Securing Black People's Right to Shop and to Sell in White America . University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School 16, 3 ( 1994 ). Regina Austin. 1994. \"A Nation of Thieves\": Securing Black People's Right to Shop and to Sell in White America. University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School 16, 3 (1994)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1354856517737222"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Solon Barocas Moritz Hardt and Arvind Narayanan. 2019. Fairness and Machine Learning. fairmlbook.org. http:\/\/www.fairmlbook.org.  Solon Barocas Moritz Hardt and Arvind Narayanan. 2019. Fairness and Machine Learning. fairmlbook.org. http:\/\/www.fairmlbook.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Activism by the AI Community: Analysing Recent Achievements and Future Prospects","author":"Belfield Haydn","unstructured":"Haydn Belfield . 2020. Activism by the AI Community: Analysing Recent Achievements and Future Prospects . Association for Computing Machinery , New York, NY, USA , 15--21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3375627.3375814 10.1145\/3375627.3375814 Haydn Belfield. 2020. Activism by the AI Community: Analysing Recent Achievements and Future Prospects. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 15--21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3375627.3375814"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Suit Alleges. The Washington Post","author":"Bensinger Greg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Greg Bensinger and Reed Albergotti . 2019. YouTube Discriminates Against LGBTQ Content by Unfairly Culling It , Suit Alleges. The Washington Post ( 2019 ). https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2019\/08\/14\/youtube-discriminates-against-lgbt-content-by-unfairly-culling-it-suit-alleges\/ Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., Vol. 6 , No. CSCW2, Article 424. Publication date: November 2022. 424:30 Kingsley , et al. Greg Bensinger and Reed Albergotti. 2019. YouTube Discriminates Against LGBTQ Content by Unfairly Culling It, Suit Alleges. The Washington Post (2019). https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2019\/08\/14\/youtube-discriminates-against-lgbt-content-by-unfairly-culling-it-suit-alleges\/ Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., Vol. 6, No. CSCW2, Article 424. Publication date: November 2022. 424:30 Kingsley, et al."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Youtube has paid out $30 billion to creators as the competition for online content intensifies. Fortune Magazine","author":"Bergen Mark","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mark Bergen , Lucas Shaw , and Bloomberg. 2021. Youtube has paid out $30 billion to creators as the competition for online content intensifies. Fortune Magazine ( 2021 ). https:\/\/fortune.com\/2021\/08\/23\/youtube-30-billion-ad-sales-online-creators\/ Mark Bergen, Lucas Shaw, and Bloomberg. 2021. Youtube has paid out $30 billion to creators as the competition for online content intensifies. Fortune Magazine (2021). https:\/\/fortune.com\/2021\/08\/23\/youtube-30-billion-ad-sales-online-creators\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Machine Learning Research. Association for Computing Machinery.","author":"Buolamwini Joy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru . 2018 . Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification . In Proceedings of Machine Learning Research. Association for Computing Machinery. Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru. 2018. Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. In Proceedings of Machine Learning Research. Association for Computing Machinery."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Tawanna R. Dillahunt, Madeleine Elish, Mary Gray, Rida Qadri, Noopur Raval, Melissa Valentine, and Elizabeth Anne Watkins.","author":"Cameron Lindsey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lindsey Cameron , Angele Christin , Michael Ann DeVito , Tawanna R. Dillahunt, Madeleine Elish, Mary Gray, Rida Qadri, Noopur Raval, Melissa Valentine, and Elizabeth Anne Watkins. 2021 . \"This Seems to Work\": Designing Technological Systems with The Algorithmic Imaginations of Those Who Labor. Association for Computing Machinery , New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411763.3441331 10.1145\/3411763.3441331 Lindsey Cameron, Angele Christin, Michael Ann DeVito, Tawanna R. Dillahunt, Madeleine Elish, Mary Gray, Rida Qadri, Noopur Raval, Melissa Valentine, and Elizabeth Anne Watkins. 2021. \"This Seems to Work\": Designing Technological Systems with The Algorithmic Imaginations of Those Who Labor. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411763.3441331"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Tiered Governance and Demonetization: The Shifting Terms of Labor and Compensation in the Platform Economy","author":"Caplan Robyn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robyn Caplan and Tarleton Gillespie . 2020. Tiered Governance and Demonetization: The Shifting Terms of Labor and Compensation in the Platform Economy . Social Media Society (April - June 2020 ), 1--13. Robyn Caplan and Tarleton Gillespie. 2020. Tiered Governance and Demonetization: The Shifting Terms of Labor and Compensation in the Platform Economy. Social Media Society (April - June 2020), 1--13."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Alexander Cheves. 2019. Eight YouTube Creators Sue Google for Bias Against LGBTQ Content. https:\/\/www.advocate.com\/business\/2019\/8\/14\/eight-youtube-creators-sue-google-bias-against-lgbtq-content  Alexander Cheves. 2019. Eight YouTube Creators Sue Google for Bias Against LGBTQ Content. https:\/\/www.advocate.com\/business\/2019\/8\/14\/eight-youtube-creators-sue-google-bias-against-lgbtq-content"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/hcomp.v8i1.7461"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Inside LGBTQ Vloggers' Class-Action ?Censorship' Suit Against YouTube. The Rolling Stone","author":"Dickson EJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"EJ Dickson . 2019. Inside LGBTQ Vloggers' Class-Action ?Censorship' Suit Against YouTube. The Rolling Stone ( 2019 ). EJ Dickson. 2019. Inside LGBTQ Vloggers' Class-Action ?Censorship' Suit Against YouTube. The Rolling Stone (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Google and Unknown Defendants 1--25 (Defendants)","author":"YouTube Divino Group (Plaintiffs) vs.","year":"2020","unstructured":"YouTube Divino Group (Plaintiffs) vs. Google and Unknown Defendants 1--25 (Defendants) . 2020 . Case No. 5:19-cv-004749-VKD, Northern District of California . YouTube Divino Group (Plaintiffs) vs. Google and Unknown Defendants 1--25 (Defendants). 2020. Case No. 5:19-cv-004749-VKD, Northern District of California."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051211021368"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14680777.2018.1467945"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Communicating Algorithmic Process in Online Behavioral Advertising","author":"Eslami Motahhare","unstructured":"Motahhare Eslami , Sneha R. Krishna Kumaran , Christian Sandvig , and Karrie Karahalios . 2018. Communicating Algorithmic Process in Online Behavioral Advertising . In CHI. Association of Computing Machinery (ACM) , Montreal, QC , Canada. Motahhare Eslami, Sneha R. Krishna Kumaran, Christian Sandvig, and Karrie Karahalios. 2018. Communicating Algorithmic Process in Online Behavioral Advertising. In CHI. Association of Computing Machinery (ACM), Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Josie Fischels. 2021. Why DoorDash Drivers Are On Strike. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/07\/31\/1023265561\/why-doordash-drivers-are-on-strike  Josie Fischels. 2021. Why DoorDash Drivers Are On Strike. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/07\/31\/1023265561\/why-doordash-drivers-are-on-strike"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Anna Fosberg Amber Bynum and Heidi Tripp. 2021. How Do You Distinguish Effective Allyship from Performative Allyship? https:\/\/pennstatelaw.psu.edu\/news\/effective-allyship-part-one  Anna Fosberg Amber Bynum and Heidi Tripp. 2021. How Do You Distinguish Effective Allyship from Performative Allyship? https:\/\/pennstatelaw.psu.edu\/news\/effective-allyship-part-one"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Product placement on YouTube: An explorative study on YouTube creators' experiences with advertisers. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies","author":"Gerhards Claudia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Claudia Gerhards . 2019. Product placement on YouTube: An explorative study on YouTube creators' experiences with advertisers. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies ( 2019 ), 516--533. Claudia Gerhards. 2019. Product placement on YouTube: An explorative study on YouTube creators' experiences with advertisers. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies (2019), 516--533."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051221117552"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"GLAAD Media Reference Guide","author":"GLAAD.","unstructured":"GLAAD. 2016. GLAAD Media Reference Guide ( 10 th Edition). https:\/\/www.glaad.org\/sites\/default\/files\/GLAAD-Media-Reference-Guide-Tenth-Edition.pdf GLAAD. 2016. GLAAD Media Reference Guide (10th Edition). https:\/\/www.glaad.org\/sites\/default\/files\/GLAAD-Media-Reference-Guide-Tenth-Edition.pdf","edition":"10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Redliking: When Redlining Goes Online. Urban Economics & Regional Studies eJournal","author":"Gold Allyson E.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Allyson E. Gold . 2020 . Redliking: When Redlining Goes Online. Urban Economics & Regional Studies eJournal (2020). Allyson E. Gold. 2020. Redliking: When Redlining Goes Online. Urban Economics & Regional Studies eJournal (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372869"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479610"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","article-title":"Shopping While Black: Applying 42 U.S.C. 1981 to Cases of Consumer Racial Profiling","volume":"23","author":"Harris Anne-Marie G.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Anne-Marie G. Harris . 2003 . Shopping While Black: Applying 42 U.S.C. 1981 to Cases of Consumer Racial Profiling . Boston College Third World Law Journal 23 , 1 (2003). Anne-Marie G. Harris. 2003. Shopping While Black: Applying 42 U.S.C. 1981 to Cases of Consumer Racial Profiling. Boston College Third World Law Journal 23, 1 (2003).","journal-title":"Boston College Third World Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Mark Harris. [n. d.]. Amazon's Mechanical Turk workers protest: 'I am a human being not an algorithm'. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2014\/dec\/03\/amazon-mechanical-turk-workers-protest-jeff-bezos  Mark Harris. [n. d.]. Amazon's Mechanical Turk workers protest: 'I am a human being not an algorithm'. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2014\/dec\/03\/amazon-mechanical-turk-workers-protest-jeff-bezos"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Global Law Review","author":"Harris Seth D.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seth D. Harris . 2018. Workers, Protections, and Benefits in the U.S. Gig Economy . Global Law Review ( 2018 ). Seth D. Harris. 2018. Workers, Protections, and Benefits in the U.S. Gig Economy. Global Law Review (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Elizabeth Hinton LeShae Henderson and Cindy Reed. 2018. An Unjust Burden: The Disparate Treatment of Black Americans in the Criminal Justice System. https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/2797454?hl=en  Elizabeth Hinton LeShae Henderson and Cindy Reed. 2018. An Unjust Burden: The Disparate Treatment of Black Americans in the Criminal Justice System. https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/2797454?hl=en"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781848607941.n13"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","volume":"6","author":"Irani Lilly C.","unstructured":"Lilly C. Irani and M. Six Silberman . 2013. Turkopticon: Interrupting Worker Invisibility in Amazon Mechanical Turk . In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems ( Paris, France) (CHI '13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 611--620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2470654.2470742 Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. , Vol. 6 , No. CSCW2, Article 424. Publication date: November 2022. \"Give everybody a little bit more equity\" 424:31 10.1145\/2470654.2470742 Lilly C. Irani and M. Six Silberman. 2013. Turkopticon: Interrupting Worker Invisibility in Amazon Mechanical Turk. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Paris, France) (CHI '13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 611--620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2470654.2470742 Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., Vol. 6, No. CSCW2, Article 424. Publication date: November 2022. \"Give everybody a little bit more equity\" 424:31"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Peter Kafka. 2021. Facebook Wants Creators but YouTube is Paying Creators Much Much More. https:\/\/www.vox.com\/recode\/22577734\/facebook-1-billion-youtube-creators-zuckerberg-mr-beast  Peter Kafka. 2021. Facebook Wants Creators but YouTube is Paying Creators Much Much More. https:\/\/www.vox.com\/recode\/22577734\/facebook-1-billion-youtube-creators-zuckerberg-mr-beast"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Gray","author":"Kaye D. Bondy Valdovinos","year":"2021","unstructured":"D. Bondy Valdovinos Kaye and Joanne E . Gray . 2021 . Copyright Gossip : Exploring Copyright Opinions, Theories, and Strategies on YouTube. Social Media Society ( 2021), 1--12. D. Bondy Valdovinos Kaye and Joanne E. Gray. 2021. Copyright Gossip: Exploring Copyright Opinions, Theories, and Strategies on YouTube. Social Media Society (2021), 1--12."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Dara Kerr. 2021. Why DoorDash Drivers Are On Strike. https:\/\/themarkup.org\/2021\/10\/12\/why-are-some-instacart-workers-calling-for-an-app-boycott  Dara Kerr. 2021. Why DoorDash Drivers Are On Strike. https:\/\/themarkup.org\/2021\/10\/12\/why-are-some-instacart-workers-calling-for-an-app-boycott"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"YouTube and Unknown Defendants 1 through 100 (Defendants).","author":"Carleste Newman Alphabet Kimberly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alphabet Kimberly Carleste Newman (Plaintiffs) vs. Google , YouTube and Unknown Defendants 1 through 100 (Defendants). 2021 . Case No. 5:20-cv-04011 -LHK, Northern District of California . Alphabet Kimberly Carleste Newman et al. (Plaintiffs) vs. Google, YouTube and Unknown Defendants 1 through 100 (Defendants). 2021. Case No. 5:20-cv-04011 -LHK, Northern District of California."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_41_1.1","unstructured":"Sara Kingsley Clara Wang Alex Mikhalenko Proteeti Sinha and Chinmay Kulkarni. 2020. Auditing Digital Platforms for Discrimination in Economic Opportunity Advertising. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2008.09656 10.48550\/ARXIV.2008.09656"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_41_1.2","unstructured":"Sara Kingsley Clara Wang Alex Mikhalenko Proteeti Sinha and Chinmay Kulkarni. 2020. Auditing Digital Platforms for Discrimination in Economic Opportunity Advertising. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2008.09656"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1912790117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0019793918806250"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Corporoate Social Media Discourse on Monetization Schemes for Content Creators","author":"Kopf Susanne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Susanne Kopf . 2020. \" Rewarding Good Creators? : Corporoate Social Media Discourse on Monetization Schemes for Content Creators . Social Media Society ( 2020 ), 1--12. Susanne Kopf. 2020. \"Rewarding Good Creators?: Corporoate Social Media Discourse on Monetization Schemes for Content Creators. Social Media Society (2020), 1--12."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2018.3093"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Nico Lang. [n. d.]. This Lawsuit Alleging YouTube Discriminates Against LGBTQ Users Was Just Tossed Out. https:\/\/www.them.us\/story\/lawsuit-alleging-youtube-discriminates-against-lgbtq-users-tossed-out  Nico Lang. [n. d.]. This Lawsuit Alleging YouTube Discriminates Against LGBTQ Users Was Just Tossed Out. https:\/\/www.them.us\/story\/lawsuit-alleging-youtube-discriminates-against-lgbtq-users-tossed-out"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"The Case for Extending the Antitrust Labor Exemption","author":"Lao Marina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marina Lao . 2018. ? Workers in the \"Gig\" Economy : The Case for Extending the Antitrust Labor Exemption . University of California , Davis ( 2018 ). Marina Lao. 2018. ?Workers in the \"Gig\" Economy: The Case for Extending the Antitrust Labor Exemption. University of California, Davis (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702548"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3443686"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"We Are All Gig Workers Now: Online Platforms, Freelancers and The Battles Over Employment Status and Rights During the COVID-19 Pandemic. San Diego Law Review","author":"Lobel Orly","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orly Lobel . 2020. We Are All Gig Workers Now: Online Platforms, Freelancers and The Battles Over Employment Status and Rights During the COVID-19 Pandemic. San Diego Law Review ( 2020 ). Orly Lobel. 2020. We Are All Gig Workers Now: Online Platforms, Freelancers and The Battles Over Employment Status and Rights During the COVID-19 Pandemic. San Diego Law Review (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"Caitie Lustig. [n. d.]. Algorithmic Authority: The Case of Bitcoin. https:\/\/caitie.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/algorithmic-authority.pdf  Caitie Lustig. [n. d.]. Algorithmic Authority: The Case of Bitcoin. https:\/\/caitie.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/algorithmic-authority.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"YouTube says its Partner Program now has 2 million members. The Verge","author":"Lyons Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim Lyons . 2021. YouTube says its Partner Program now has 2 million members. The Verge ( 2021 ). https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2021\/8\/23\/22636827\/youtube-partner-program-2-million-members-creators Kim Lyons. 2021. YouTube says its Partner Program now has 2 million members. The Verge (2021). https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2021\/8\/23\/22636827\/youtube-partner-program-2-million-members-creators"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479573"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2654557"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","unstructured":"Cassie Miller Hannah Gais and Megan Squire. 2021. Funding Hate: How extremists like the ones who attacked the Capitol are making money off the internet. https:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/news\/2021\/04\/01\/funding-hate-how-extremists-ones-who-attacked-capitol-are-making-money-internet  Cassie Miller Hannah Gais and Megan Squire. 2021. Funding Hate: How extremists like the ones who attacked the Capitol are making money off the internet. https:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/news\/2021\/04\/01\/funding-hate-how-extremists-ones-who-attacked-capitol-are-making-money-internet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"Carmen Morris. 2020. Performative Allyship: What Are The Signs And Why Leaders Get Exposed. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/carmenmorris\/2020\/11\/26\/performative-allyship-what-are-the-signs-and-why-leaders-get-exposed\/'sh=520000d422ec  Carmen Morris. 2020. Performative Allyship: What Are The Signs And Why Leaders Get Exposed. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/carmenmorris\/2020\/11\/26\/performative-allyship-what-are-the-signs-and-why-leaders-get-exposed\/'sh=520000d422ec"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"Naimeesha Murthy. 2021. The Continuous Growth and Future of the Creator Economy. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/forbesbusinessdevelopmentcouncil\/2021\/08\/30\/the-continuous-growth-and-future-of-the-creator-economy\/'sh=1328d5e67c9c  Naimeesha Murthy. 2021. The Continuous Growth and Future of the Creator Economy. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/forbesbusinessdevelopmentcouncil\/2021\/08\/30\/the-continuous-growth-and-future-of-the-creator-economy\/'sh=1328d5e67c9c"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Black Creators File Class-Action Lawsuit Against YouTube: the Suit Alleges Racial Discrimination By the Platform's Algorithm. Adweek","author":"Nover Scott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scott Nover and Rachel Winicov . 2020. Black Creators File Class-Action Lawsuit Against YouTube: the Suit Alleges Racial Discrimination By the Platform's Algorithm. Adweek ( 2020 ). https:\/\/www.adweek.com\/performance-marketing\/black-creators-class-action-lawsuit-youtube-google Scott Nover and Rachel Winicov. 2020. Black Creators File Class-Action Lawsuit Against YouTube: the Suit Alleges Racial Discrimination By the Platform's Algorithm. Adweek (2020). https:\/\/www.adweek.com\/performance-marketing\/black-creators-class-action-lawsuit-youtube-google"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406917733847"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information","author":"Pasquale Frank","unstructured":"Frank Pasquale . 2015. The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information . Harvard University Press . Frank Pasquale. 2015. The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Don't Forget to Subscribe: Regulation of Online Advertising Evaluated Through YouTube's Monetization Problem. Kentucky Law Journal 107","author":"Pottinger Nicole E.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nicole E. Pottinger . 2019. Don't Forget to Subscribe: Regulation of Online Advertising Evaluated Through YouTube's Monetization Problem. Kentucky Law Journal 107 ( 2019 ). Nicole E. Pottinger. 2019. Don't Forget to Subscribe: Regulation of Online Advertising Evaluated Through YouTube's Monetization Problem. Kentucky Law Journal 107 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"Sharon Pruitt-Young. 2021. Black TikTok Creators Are On Strike To Protest A Lack Of Credit For Their Work. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/07\/01\/1011899328\/black-tiktok-creators-are-on-strike-to-protest-a-lack-of-credit-for-their-work  Sharon Pruitt-Young. 2021. Black TikTok Creators Are On Strike To Protest A Lack Of Credit For Their Work. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/07\/01\/1011899328\/black-tiktok-creators-are-on-strike-to-protest-a-lack-of-credit-for-their-work"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","unstructured":"Aja Romano. 2019. A Group of YouTubers is Trying to Prove the Site Systematically Demonetizes Queer Content. https:\/\/www.vox.com\/culture\/2019\/10\/10\/20893258\/youtube-lgbtq-censorship-demonetization-nerd-city-algorithm-report  Aja Romano. 2019. A Group of YouTubers is Trying to Prove the Site Systematically Demonetizes Queer Content. https:\/\/www.vox.com\/culture\/2019\/10\/10\/20893258\/youtube-lgbtq-censorship-demonetization-nerd-city-algorithm-report"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702508"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Algorithms That \"Do not See Color\": Comparing Biases in Lookalike and Special Ad Audiences. arXiv (December","author":"Sapiezynski Piotr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piotr Sapiezynski , Avijit Ghosh , Levi Kaplan , Alan Mislove , and Aaron Rieke . 2019. Algorithms That \"Do not See Color\": Comparing Biases in Lookalike and Special Ad Audiences. arXiv (December 2019 ). Piotr Sapiezynski, Avijit Ghosh, Levi Kaplan, Alan Mislove, and Aaron Rieke. 2019. Algorithms That \"Do not See Color\": Comparing Biases in Lookalike and Special Ad Audiences. arXiv (December 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11186-020-09408-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479577"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2460276.2460278"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","unstructured":"Rachel Treisman. 2021. California Program Giving $500 No-Strings-Attached Stipends Pays Off Study Finds. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/03\/04\/973653719\/california-program-giving-500-no-strings-attached-stipends-pays-off-study-findsk  Rachel Treisman. 2021. California Program Giving $500 No-Strings-Attached Stipends Pays Off Study Finds. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/03\/04\/973653719\/california-program-giving-500-no-strings-attached-stipends-pays-off-study-findsk"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","unstructured":"Katharine Trendacosta. 2020. Unfiltered: How YouTube's Content ID Discourages Fair Use and Dictates What We See Online. https:\/\/www.eff.org\/wp\/unfiltered-how-youtubes-content-id-discourages-fair-use-and-dictates-what-we-see-online  Katharine Trendacosta. 2020. Unfiltered: How YouTube's Content ID Discourages Fair Use and Dictates What We See Online. https:\/\/www.eff.org\/wp\/unfiltered-how-youtubes-content-id-discourages-fair-use-and-dictates-what-we-see-online"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","article-title":"Affinity Profiling and Discrimination by Association in Online Behavioral Advertising","volume":"35","author":"Wachter Sandra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sandra Wachter . 2020 . Affinity Profiling and Discrimination by Association in Online Behavioral Advertising . Berkeley Technology Law Journal 35 , 2 (2020). Sandra Wachter. 2020. Affinity Profiling and Discrimination by Association in Online Behavioral Advertising. Berkeley Technology Law Journal 35, 2 (2020).","journal-title":"Berkeley Technology Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359321"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479594"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","unstructured":"YouTube. [n. d.]. Advertiser-friendly content guidelines. https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/6162278?hl=en  YouTube. [n. d.]. Advertiser-friendly content guidelines. https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/6162278?hl=en"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","unstructured":"YouTube. [n. d.]. Dispute a Content ID claim. https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/2797454?hl=en  YouTube. [n. d.]. Dispute a Content ID claim. https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/2797454?hl=en"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","unstructured":"YouTube. [n. d.]. How Content ID works. https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/2797370?hl=en  YouTube. [n. d.]. How Content ID works. https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/2797370?hl=en"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","unstructured":"YouTube. [n. d.]. Request human review of videos marked 'Not suitable for most advertisers'. https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/7083671?hl=en  YouTube. [n. d.]. Request human review of videos marked 'Not suitable for most advertisers'. https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/7083671?hl=en"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","unstructured":"YouTube. [n. d.]. YouTube Partner Program video appeals. https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/9564590?hl=en  YouTube. [n. d.]. YouTube Partner Program video appeals. https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/9564590?hl=en"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","unstructured":"YouTube. [n. d.]. YouTube policies. https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/topic\/2803176  YouTube. [n. d.]. YouTube policies. https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/topic\/2803176"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","unstructured":"YouTube. [n. d.]. YouTube's Community Guidelines. https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/9288567  YouTube. [n. d.]. YouTube's Community Guidelines. https:\/\/support.google.com\/youtube\/answer\/9288567"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3555149","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3555149","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3555149","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T17:49:13Z","timestamp":1750182553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3555149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3555149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3555149","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}