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Although LoRaWAN provides a low-power and cost-efficient networking solution, recent literature shows that it performs poorly in terms of reliability and security in dense deployments due to the uncoordinated (ALOHA-based) nature of the MAC (medium access control) protocol. Furthermore, LoRaWAN is not robust against selective jamming attacks. This article proposes CRAM: a time-synchronized cryptographic frequency hopping MAC protocol designed for the LoRa physical layer. CRAM reduces the contention by fairly exploiting the available frequency space and maximizes the entropy of the channel hopping algorithm. We develop a large physical testbed and a simulator to thoroughly evaluate the proposed protocol. Our evaluations show that CRAM significantly improves reliability and scalability and increases channel utilization while making selective jamming difficult to perform compared to the standard LoRaWAN protocol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3557048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T09:29:09Z","timestamp":1663320549000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Design of a Robust MAC Protocol for LoRa"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9196-4117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Absar-Ul-Haque","family":"Ahmar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6699-5686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emekcan","family":"Aras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8889-0903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thien Duc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3866-5425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Michiels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7710-5092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wouter","family":"Joosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0750-3693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danny","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Number of Internet of Things (IoT) Connected Devices Worldwide in 2018, 2025 and 2030 (in Billions).","year":"2020","unstructured":"Statista. 2020. 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