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MAR systems enable users to interact with MAR devices, such as smartphones and head-worn wearables, and perform seamless transitions from the physical world to a mixed world with digital entities. These MAR systems support user experiences using MAR devices to provide universal access to digital content. Over the past 20 years, several MAR systems have been developed, however, the studies and design of MAR frameworks have not yet been systematically reviewed from the perspective of user-centric design. This article presents the first effort of surveying existing MAR frameworks (count: 37) and further discusses the latest studies on MAR through a top-down approach: (1) MAR applications; (2) MAR visualisation techniques adaptive to user mobility and contexts; (3) systematic evaluation of MAR frameworks, including supported platforms and corresponding features such as tracking, feature extraction, and sensing capabilities; (4) and underlying machine learning approaches supporting intelligent operations within MAR systems. Finally, we summarise the development of emerging research fields and the current state-of-the-art and discuss the important open challenges and possible theoretical and technical directions. This survey aims to benefit both researchers and MAR system developers alike.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3557999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T11:34:08Z","timestamp":1661427248000},"page":"1-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Mobile Augmented Reality: User Interfaces, Frameworks, and Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5882-2280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacky","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oulu, Finland and Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Teknologivegen, Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2616-5463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kit-Yung","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1361-1612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lik-Hang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAIST, Republic of Korea, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4792-2267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu, Helsinki"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6026-1083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pan","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong and University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5945-9551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway and University of Oulu, Gj\u00f8vik, Norway, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"A-Frame. 2020. 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