{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T15:45:07Z","timestamp":1783611907325,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"CyberSecurity Research Flanders","award":["VR20192203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VR20192203"]}]},{"name":"Research Council KU Leuven C1 on Security and Privacy for Cyber-Physical Systems and the Internet of Things","award":["C16\/15\/058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C16\/15\/058"]}]},{"name":"European Commission through the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["H2020-SC1-FA-DTS-2018-1-826284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-SC1-FA-DTS-2018-1-826284"]}]},{"name":"ProTego","award":["MSCA-ITN-814035 5GhOSTS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSCA-ITN-814035 5GhOSTS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Comput. Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication is receiving growing attention from industry and academia as multiple pilot projects explore its capabilities and feasibility. With about 50% of global road vehicle exports coming from the European Union (EU), and within the context of EU legislation around security and data protection, V2X initiatives must consider security and privacy aspects across the system stack, in addition to road safety. Contrary to this principle, our survey of relevant standards, research outputs, and EU pilot projects indicates otherwise; we identify multiple security- and privacy-related shortcomings and inconsistencies across the standards. We conduct a root cause analysis of the reasons and difficulties associated with these gaps, and categorize the identified security and privacy issues relative to these root causes. As a result, our comprehensive analysis sheds lights on a number of areas that require improvements in the standards, which are not explicitly identified in related work. Our analysis fills gaps left by other related surveys, which are focused on specific technical areas but do not necessarily point out underlying root issues in standard specifications. We bring forward recommendations to address these gaps for the overall improvement of security and safety in vehicular communication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3558052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T12:04:48Z","timestamp":1660737888000},"page":"1-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["A Survey of Security and Privacy Issues in V2X Communication Systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Takahito","family":"Yoshizawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"imec-COSIC KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Singel\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"imec-COSIC KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Tobias","family":"Muehlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"imec-DistriNet, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Delbruel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LaBRI, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Taherkordi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Informatics Department, University of Oslo, Gaustadall\u00e9en, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"imec-DistriNet, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Preneel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"imec-COSIC KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/Projects\/post-quantum-cryptography\/post-quantum-cryptography-standardization Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"Architecture Enhancements for V2X Services","year":"2019","unstructured":"3GPP. 2019. Architecture Enhancements for V2X Services. Technical Specifications (TS) 23.285. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Version 16.2.0."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Study on Security Aspects of 3GPP Support for Advanced V2X Services","year":"2020","unstructured":"3GPP. 2020. Study on Security Aspects of 3GPP Support for Advanced V2X Services. Technical Report (TR) 33.836. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Version 16.0.0."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"Architecture Enhancements for 5G System (5GS) to Support Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Services","year":"2021","unstructured":"3GPP. 2021. Architecture Enhancements for 5G System (5GS) to Support Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Services. Technical Specification (TS) 23.287. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Version 17.2.0."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"5G-Mobix. 5G for Cooperative & Connected Automated MOBIility on X-border Corridors. Retrieved August 26 2021 from https:\/\/www.5g-mobix.com."},{"issue":"19","key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","article-title":"Cybersecurity act","volume":"194","author":"Act NIS","year":"2019","unstructured":"NIS Act. 2019. Cybersecurity act. OJ L 194, 19.7.","journal-title":"OJ L"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"Understanding PKI: Concepts, Standards, and Deployment Considerations","author":"Adams Carlisle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carlisle Adams and Steve Lloyd. 2003. Understanding PKI: Concepts, Standards, and Deployment Considerations. Addison-Wesley Professional."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2019.8917066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","article-title":"Study on the deployment of C-ITS in Europe: Final report","volume":"3","author":"Asselin-Miller Nick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nick Asselin-Miller, Marius Biedka, Gena Gibson, Felix Kirsch, Nikolas Hill, Ben White, and Kotub Uddin. 2016. Study on the deployment of C-ITS in Europe: Final report. Report for DG MOVE MOVE\/C 3 (2016), 2014\u2013794.","journal-title":"Report for DG MOVE MOVE\/C"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICComm.2018.8430167"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"1247","article-title":"qSCMS: Post-quantum certificate provisioning process for V2X.","author":"Barreto Paulo S. L. M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paulo S. L. M. Barreto, Jefferson E. Ricardini, Marcos A. Simplicio, Jr., and Harsh Kupwade Patil. 2018. qSCMS: Post-quantum certificate provisioning process for V2X. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch. (2018), 1247.","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3309171.3309175"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"Norbert Bi\u00dfmeyer. 2014. Misbehavior Detection and Attacker Identification in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks PhD thesis. Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt Darmstadt Germany."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","volume-title":"18th ITS World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems","author":"Bi\u00dfmeyer Norbert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Norbert Bi\u00dfmeyer, Hagen St\u00fcbing, Elmar Schoch, Stefan G\u00f6tz, Jan Peter Stotz, and Brigitte Lonc. 2011. A generic public key infrastructure for securing car-to-x communication. In 18th ITS World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, Vol. 14."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","unstructured":"Benedikt Brecht. 2016. Security and privacy for a connected vehicle environment. Crash Avoidance Metrics Partners (CAMP). Retrieved January 21 2020 from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/310234154."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"3850","volume-title":"2018 IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","author":"Brecht Benedikt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benedikt Brecht, Dean Therriault, Andr\u00e9 Weimerskirch, William Whyte, Virendra Kumar, Thorsten Hehn, and Roy Goudy. 2018. A security credential management system for V2X communications. In 2018 IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. IEEE, 3850\u20133871."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2951818"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","unstructured":"5G Car. Fifth Generation Communication Automotive Research and innovation. Retrieved August 26 2021 from http:\/\/5gcar.eu."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"5G Carmen. 5G for Connected and Automated Road Mobility in the European UnioN. Retrieved August 26 2021 from https:\/\/5gcarmen.eu\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"522","volume-title":"VEHITS","author":"Chator Alishah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alishah Chator and Matthew Green. 2018. Don\u2019t talk to strangers-on the challenges of intelligent vehicle authentication. In VEHITS. 522\u2013528."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","volume-title":"USENIX Sec","author":"Checkoway Stephen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stephen Checkoway, Damon McCoy, Brian Kantor, Danny Anderson, Hovav Shacham, and Stefan Savage. 2011. Comprehensive experimental analyses of automotive attack surfaces. In USENIX Sec."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","article-title":"Security policy & governance framework for deployment and operation of European cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS)","author":"Commission European","year":"2017","unstructured":"European Commission. 2017. Security policy & governance framework for deployment and operation of European cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS). C-ITS Platform Phase II.","journal-title":"C-ITS Platform Phase II"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","article-title":"Certificate policy for deployment and operation of european cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS), Rel.1.1","author":"Commission European","year":"2018","unstructured":"European Commission. 2018. Certificate policy for deployment and operation of european cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS), Rel.1.1. C-ITS Platform Phase II.","journal-title":"C-ITS Platform Phase II"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"Concorda. Connected Corridor for Driving Automation. Retrieved August 26 2021 from https:\/\/connectedautomateddriving.eu\/project\/concorda."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2020.535"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","unstructured":"5G CroCo. Fifth Generation Cross-Border Control. Retrieved August 26 2021 from https:\/\/5gcroco.eu\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","unstructured":"Vijay Devarapalli Ryuji Wakikawa Alexandru Petrescu and Pascal Thubert. IETF RFC 3963-Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support Protocol. Retrieved December 05 2019 from https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/draft-ietf-nemo-basic-support-03."},{"issue":"19","key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","article-title":"Directive (EU) 2016\/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2016 concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems across the Union","volume":"194","author":"Directive NIS","year":"2016","unstructured":"NIS Directive. 2016. Directive (EU) 2016\/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2016 concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems across the Union. OJ L 194, 19.7.","journal-title":"OJ L"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2005.847600"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","article-title":"Ensuring security in mobile nnetworks post-quantum","volume":"12","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ericsson. 2021. Ensuring security in mobile nnetworks post-quantum. Ericsson Technology Review 12 (2021).","journal-title":"Ericsson Technology Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9449078"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Communications Architecture","year":"2010","unstructured":"ETSI. 2010. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Communications Architecture. European Standard EN 302 665. European Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI). Version 1.1.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Security Services and Architecture","year":"2010","unstructured":"ETSI. 2010. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Security Services and Architecture. Technical Specification TS 102 731. European Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI). Version 1.1.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of Applications; Part 1: Functional Requirements","year":"2010","unstructured":"ETSI. 2010. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of Applications; Part 1: Functional Requirements. Technical Specification TS 102 637-1. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 1.1.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Access Control Technical Specification","year":"2012","unstructured":"ETSI. 2012. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Access Control Technical Specification. Technical Specification TS 102 942. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 1.1.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Confidentiality Services","year":"2012","unstructured":"ETSI. 2012. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Confidentiality Services. Technical Specification TS 102 943. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 1.1.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; GeoNetworking; Part 1: Requirements","year":"2014","unstructured":"ETSI. 2014. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; GeoNetworking; Part 1: Requirements. European Standard EN 302 636-1. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 1.2.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; GeoNetworking; Part 3: Network Architecture","year":"2014","unstructured":"ETSI. 2014. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; GeoNetworking; Part 3: Network Architecture. European Standard EN 302 636-3. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 1.2.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; GeoNetworking; Part 6: Internet Integration; Sub-part 1: Transmission of IPv6 Packets Over GeoNetworking Protocols","year":"2014","unstructured":"ETSI. 2014. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; GeoNetworking; Part 6: Internet Integration; Sub-part 1: Transmission of IPv6 Packets Over GeoNetworking Protocols. European Standard EN 302 636-6-1. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 1.2.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Threat, Vulnerability and Risk Analysis (TVRA)","year":"2017","unstructured":"ETSI. 2017. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Threat, Vulnerability and Risk Analysis (TVRA). Technical Report TR 102 893. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 1.2.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular communications; GeoNetworking; Part 4: Geographical Addressing and Forwarding for Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Communications; Sub-part 1: Media-Independent Functionality","year":"2017","unstructured":"ETSI. 2017. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular communications; GeoNetworking; Part 4: Geographical Addressing and Forwarding for Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Communications; Sub-part 1: Media-Independent Functionality. European Standard EN 302 636-4-1. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 1.3.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Pre-Standardization Study on Pseudonym Change Management","year":"2018","unstructured":"ETSI. 2018. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Pre-Standardization Study on Pseudonym Change Management. Technical Report TR 103 415. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 1.1.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of Applications; Part 2: Specification of Cooperative Awareness Basic Service","year":"2019","unstructured":"ETSI. 2019. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of Applications; Part 2: Specification of Cooperative Awareness Basic Service. European Standard EN 302 637-2. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 1.4.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of Applications; Part 3: Specification of Decentralized Environmental Notification Basic Service","year":"2019","unstructured":"ETSI. 2019. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of Applications; Part 3: Specification of Decentralized Environmental Notification Basic Service. European Standard EN 302 637-3. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 1.3.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security, ITS Communications Security Architecture and Security Management","year":"2021","unstructured":"ETSI. 2021. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security, ITS Communications Security Architecture and Security Management. Technical Specification TS 102 940. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 2.1.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Security Header and Certificate Formats","year":"2021","unstructured":"ETSI. 2021. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Security Header and Certificate Formats. Technical Specification TS 103 097. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 2.1.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Trust and Privacy Management","year":"2021","unstructured":"ETSI. 2021. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Trust and Privacy Management. Technical Specification TS 102 941. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 2.1.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) Awareness; Part 1: Use Cases Definition; Release 2","year":"2021","unstructured":"ETSI. 2021. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) Awareness; Part 1: Use Cases Definition; Release 2. Technical Report TR 103 300-1. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 2.2.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) Awareness; Part 2: Functional Architecture and Requirements Definition; Release 2","year":"2021","unstructured":"ETSI. 2021. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) Awareness; Part 2: Functional Architecture and Requirements Definition; Release 2. Technical Specification TS 103 300-2. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 2.2.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) Awareness; Part 3: Specification of VRU Awareness Basic Service; Release 2","year":"2021","unstructured":"ETSI. 2021. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) Awareness; Part 3: Specification of VRU Awareness Basic Service; Release 2. Technical Specification TS 103 300-3. European Telecommunications Standard Institute. Version 2.1.2."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","article-title":"5GCAR Scenarios, Use Cases, Requirements and KPIs","volume":"2","author":"Fernandez Antonio E.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Antonio E. Fernandez, Mikael Fallgren, and Nadia Brahmi. 2019. 5GCAR Scenarios, Use Cases, Requirements and KPIs. Fifth Generation Communication Automotive Research and Innovation.Technical Report D, 2.","journal-title":"Fifth Generation Communication Automotive Research and Innovation."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2958788"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","unstructured":"Flightradar24.com. Retrieved June 1 2022 from https:\/\/www.flightradar24.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","article-title":"5GCAR D4.2 final design and evaluation of the 5G V2X system level architecture and security framework","author":"Gallo Laurent","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laurent Gallo and Massimo Condoluci. 2019. 5GCAR D4.2 final design and evaluation of the 5G V2X system level architecture and security framework. Fifth Generation Communication Automotive Research and Innovation, Tech. Rep. D (2019).","journal-title":"Fifth Generation Communication Automotive Research and Innovation, Tech. Rep. D"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","article-title":"Initial design of 5G V2X system level architecture and security framework","volume":"2","author":"Gallo Laurent","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laurent Gallo, Thierry Lejkin, Bruno Tossou, and Bernadette Villeforceix. 2018. Initial design of 5G V2X system level architecture and security framework. Fifth Generation Communication Automotive Research and Innovation. Technical Report D, 2.","journal-title":"Fifth Generation Communication Automotive Research and Innovation"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44598-6_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.107093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45708-9_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2020.2987430"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJVT.2020.2999885"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","volume-title":"IEEE Standard for Information Technology-Telecommunication and Information Exchange between Systems-Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Specific Requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 1: Radio Resource Measurement of Wireless LANs","year":"2016","unstructured":"IEEE. 2016. IEEE Standard for Information Technology-Telecommunication and Information Exchange between Systems-Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Specific Requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 1: Radio Resource Measurement of Wireless LANs. Standard. IEEE 802 LAN\/MAN Standards Committee."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","volume-title":"IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments\u2013Security Services for Applications and Management Messages","year":"2016","unstructured":"IEEE. 2016. IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments\u2013Security Services for Applications and Management Messages. Standard Std 1609\u20132. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","volume-title":"Road Vehicles\u2014Functional Safety","year":"2018","unstructured":"ISO. 2018. Road Vehicles\u2014Functional Safety. Standard ISO 26262. International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","volume-title":"Road Vehicles\u2014Cybersecurity Engineering","year":"2021","unstructured":"ISO. 2021. Road Vehicles\u2014Cybersecurity Engineering. Standard ISO\/SAE 21434. International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","volume-title":"Road Traffic Safety (RTS) Management Systems\u2014Requirements with Guidance for Use","year":"2012","unstructured":"ISO39001. 2012. Road Traffic Safety (RTS) Management Systems\u2014Requirements with Guidance for Use. Standard ISO 39001. International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","first-page":"63","article-title":"The viability of post-quantum X. 509 certificates.","volume":"2018","author":"Kampanakis Panos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Panos Kampanakis, Peter Panburana, Ellie Daw, and Daniel Van Geest. 2018. The viability of post-quantum X. 509 certificates. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch. 2018 (2018), 63.","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","article-title":"Scalable & resilient vehicle-centric certificate revocation list distribution in vehicular communication systems","author":"Khodaei Mohammad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohammad Khodaei and Panagiotis Papadimitratos. 2020. Scalable & resilient vehicle-centric certificate revocation list distribution in vehicular communication systems. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 20, 7 (2020), 2473\u20132489.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VNC.2015.7385550"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2010.34"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1410043.1410063"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900220"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VNC.2013.6737592"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2948302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/969164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55583-2_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","unstructured":"MarineTraffic.com. Retrieved June 1 2022 from https:\/\/www.marinetraffic.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","article-title":"C-V2X security requirements and procedures: Survey and research directions","author":"Marojevic Vuk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vuk Marojevic. 2018. C-V2X security requirements and procedures: Survey and research directions. arXiv:1807.09338.","journal-title":"arXiv:1807.09338."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","unstructured":"\u00c1ngel Martin and Gorka V\u00e9lez. 2019. Deliverable D2.1 5G-enabled CCAM use cases specifications 5G-Mobix. Retrieved October 14 2019 from https:\/\/www.5g-mobix.com\/assets\/files\/5G-MOBIX-D2.1-Use-case-specifications-v1.0.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","unstructured":"McKinsey. Cybersecurity in Automotive Mastering the Challenge. Retrieved June 30 2022 from https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/automotive-and-assembly\/our-insights."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","article-title":"Remote exploitation of an unaltered passenger vehicle","author":"Miller Charlie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Charlie Miller and Chris Valasek. 2015. Remote exploitation of an unaltered passenger vehicle. Black Hat USA. Retrieved May 1, 2020 from https:\/\/illmatics.com\/Remote%20Car%20Hacking.pdf.","journal-title":"Black Hat USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2018.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2989808"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","article-title":"Test site BE operational\u2014Belgian Pilot site","volume":"2","author":"Naudts Dries","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dries Naudts, Vasilis Maglogiannis, and Simon Vanneste. 2018. Test site BE operational\u2014Belgian Pilot site. Concorda 2 (2018).","journal-title":"Concorda"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","unstructured":"NewScientist.com. IBM Unveils Its First Commercial Quantum Computer. Retrieved November 9 2021 from https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/2189909-ibm-unveils-its-first-commercial-quantum-computer\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","article-title":"Preliminary regulatory impact analysis, FMVSS No. 150 vehicle-to-vehicle communication technology for light vehicles","volume":"2","year":"2016","unstructured":"NHTSA. 2016. Preliminary regulatory impact analysis, FMVSS No. 150 vehicle-to-vehicle communication technology for light vehicles. NHTSA 2.","journal-title":"NHTSA"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SECON.2010.5453881"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es505245q"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","first-page":"129","volume-title":"2017 9th International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT\u201917)","author":"Ometov Aleksandr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aleksandr Ometov and Sergey Bezzateev. 2017. Multi-factor authentication: A survey and challenges in V2X applications. In 2017 9th International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT\u201917). IEEE, 129\u2013136."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1410043.1410062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","article-title":"Directive 2002\/58\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector","author":"Parliament European","year":"2002","unstructured":"European Parliament. 2002. Directive 2002\/58\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector. OJL 201, 31.7. 2002, at 37 (Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications).","journal-title":"OJL 201, 31.7. 2002, at 37 (Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","article-title":"Test case definition and test site description part 1","volume":"2","author":"Perraud Eric","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eric Perraud and Kurt Eckert. 2019. Test case definition and test site description part 1. 5G CroCo 2.","journal-title":"5G CroCo"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","unstructured":"Andreas Pfitzmann and Marit Hansen. 2010. A terminology for talking about privacy by data minimization: Anonymity unlinkability undetectability unobservability pseudonymity and identity management. Ver.0.34. Retrieved May 04 2020 from http:\/\/dud.inf.tu-dresden.de\/Anon_Terminology.shtml."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","article-title":"Secure V2X Communication network based on intelligent PKI and edge computing","author":"Qiu Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han Qiu, Meikang Qiu, and Ruqian Lu. 2019. Secure V2X Communication network based on intelligent PKI and edge computing. IEEE Network 34, 2 (2019), 172\u2013178.","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","article-title":"Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council","volume":"679","author":"Regulation Protection","year":"2016","unstructured":"Protection Regulation. 2016. Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council. REGULATION (EU) 679 (2016).","journal-title":"REGULATION (EU)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2017.8288287"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","volume-title":"USENIX Security Symposium","author":"Rouf Ishtiaq","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ishtiaq Rouf, Robert D. Miller, Hossen A. Mustafa, Travis Taylor, Sangho Oh, Wenyuan Xu, Marco Gruteser, Wade Trappe, and Ivan Seskar. 2010. Security and privacy vulnerabilities of in-car wireless networks: A tire pressure monitoring system case study. In USENIX Security Symposium, Vol. 10."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","volume-title":"J2735: Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Message Set Dictionary","year":"2009","unstructured":"SAE. 2009. J2735: Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Message Set Dictionary. Standard SAE J2735:2009. SAE International."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","first-page":"217","article-title":"Identity-based broadcast encryption.","author":"Sakai Ryuichi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ryuichi Sakai and Jun Furukawa. 2007. Identity-based broadcast encryption. IACR Cryptology ePrint Arch. (2007), 217.","journal-title":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Arch."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","unstructured":"Alexey Samoshkin. SSL Certificate Revocation and How it is Broken in Practice. Retrieved September 16 2021 from https:\/\/medium.com\/@alexeysamoshkin\/how-ssl-certificate-revocation-is-broken-in-practice-af3b63b9cb3."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"X. 509 internet public key infrastructure online certificate status protocol-OCSP.","volume":"6960","author":"Santesson Stefan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stefan Santesson, Michael Myers, Rich Ankney, Ambarish Malpani, Slava Galperin, and Carlisle Adams. 2013. X. 509 internet public key infrastructure online certificate status protocol-OCSP. RFC 6960 (2013), 1\u201341.","journal-title":"RFC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-97925-0_43"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","unstructured":"SCOOP. SCOOP. Retrieved August 26 2021 from http:\/\/www.scoop.developpement-durable.gouv.fr\/en\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/s0036144598347011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VNC.2018.8628369"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/.2006.1629442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","unstructured":"Syrma SGS Technology. Automotive ECU: Core Component for Connected Cars. Retrieved May 31 2022 from https:\/\/www.syrma.com\/ecu\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","article-title":"Connectivity changes how customers, manufacturers look at vehicles","author":"Today IoT World","year":"2022","unstructured":"IoT World Today. 2022. Connectivity changes how customers, manufacturers look at vehicles. Retrieved May 27, 2022 from https:\/\/iotworldtoday.tradepub.com\/free\/w_defa2552\/prgm.cgi.","journal-title":"https:\/\/iotworldtoday.tradepub.com\/free\/w_defa2552\/prgm.cgi"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2873088"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP.2019.00029","volume-title":"2019 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P\u201919)","author":"Verheul Eric","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eric Verheul, Christopher Hicks, and Flavio D. Garcia. 2019. IFAL: Issue first activate later certificates for V2X. In 2019 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P\u201919). IEEE, 279\u2013293."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","article-title":"5G CARMEN use cases and requirements","volume":"2","author":"Visintainer Filippo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Filippo Visintainer (Ed.). 2019. 5G CARMEN use cases and requirements. 5G CARMEN 2 (2019).","journal-title":"5G CARMEN"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.100.012316"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970460"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCN.2019.8931311"}],"container-title":["ACM Computing Surveys"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3558052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3558052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T17:49:32Z","timestamp":1750182572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3558052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3558052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3558052","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-0300","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}