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Percept."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Humans communicate by writing, often taking notes that assist thinking. With the growing popularity of collaborative\n            <jats:bold>Virtual Reality (VR)<\/jats:bold>\n            applications, it is imperative that we better understand aspects that affect writing in these virtual experiences. On-air writing in VR is a popular writing paradigm due to its simplicity in implementation without any explicit needs for specialized hardware. A host of factors can affect the efficacy of this writing paradigm and in this work, we delved into investigating the same. Along these lines, we investigated the effects of a combination of factors on users\u2019 on-air writing performance, aiming to understand the circumstances under which users can both effectively and efficiently write in VR. We were interested in studying the effects of the following factors: (1) input modality: brush vs. near-field raycast vs. pointing gesture, (2) inking trigger method: haptic feedback vs. button based trigger, and (3) canvas geometry: plane vs. hemisphere. To evaluate the writing performance, we conducted an empirical evaluation with thirty participants, requiring them to write the words we indicated under different combinations of these factors. Dependent measures including the writing speed, accuracy rates, perceived workloads, and so on, were analyzed. Results revealed that the brush based input modality produced the best results in writing performance, that haptic feedback was not always effective over button based triggering, and that there are trade-offs associated with the different types of canvas geometries used. This work attempts at laying a foundation for future investigations that seek to understand and further improve the on-air writing experience in immersive virtual environments.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3560817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T11:43:54Z","timestamp":1662032634000},"page":"1-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Investigating a Combination of Input Modalities, Canvas Geometries, and Inking Triggers on On-Air Handwriting in Virtual Reality"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Roshan","family":"Venkatakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8484-3915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohith","family":"Venkatakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7917-6620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Han","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2550-2990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Shuen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8348-0534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabarish","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2012.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2371574.2371612"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","article-title":"Controller-based text-input techniques for virtual reality: An empirical comparison","volume":"19","author":"Boletsis Costas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Costas Boletsis and Stian Kongsvik. 2019. 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