{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:15:22Z","timestamp":1759335322830,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGMETRICS Perform. Eval. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we consider the challenges that arise from the need to scale virtualized network functions (VNFs) at 100 Gbps line speed and beyond. Traditional VNF designs are monolithic in state management and scheduling: internally maintaining all states and operations associated with them. Without proper design considerations, it suffers from limitations when scaling at 100 Gbps link speed and beyond: the inability of efficient utilization of the cache because of the contention due to the frequent control plane activities, computational\/memory-intensive tasks taking up CPU times, shares states causing the synchronization among the cores.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We address these limitations by arguing for the need to granularly decompose a VNF into data\/control components that are co-located within a server but can be independently scaled among the cores. To realize the approach, we design a \"serverless\" programming framework with novel abstraction to optimize the data components that must process packets at the line speed, reduce the contention of the data states and enable run-time scheduling of different components for improved resource utilization. The abstractions, combined with the runtime system that we design, help NFV developers focus on the logic and correctness of VNF programming without worrying about how VNFs may be scaled in or out. We evaluate our platform by comparing it with monolithic approaches using different workloads and by analyzing its advantages of separation on scalability, performance determinism, and feature velocity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3561074.3561092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T05:48:43Z","timestamp":1661924923000},"page":"46-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["GranularNF"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Ziyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota - Twin Cities"}]},{"given":"Tianming","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota - Twin Cities"}]},{"given":"Arvind","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota - Twin Cities"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota - Twin Cities"}]},{"given":"Kangjie","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota - Twin Cities"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota - Twin Cities"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota - Twin Cities"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2486001.2486026"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"523","volume-title":"NSDI 2016","author":"Eisenbud D. E.","year":"2016","unstructured":"D. E. Eisenbud , C. Yi , C. Contavalli , C. Smith , R. Kononov , E. Mann-Hielscher , A. Cilingiroglu , B. Cheyney , W. Shang , and J. D. Hosein , \" Maglev: A fast and reliable software network load balancer,\" in 13th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation , NSDI 2016 , Santa Clara, CA, USA, March 16--18 , 2016 , 2016, pp. 523 -- 535 . [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi16\/ technical-sessions\/presentation\/eisenbud D. E. Eisenbud, C. Yi, C. Contavalli, C. Smith, R. Kononov, E. Mann-Hielscher, A. Cilingiroglu, B. Cheyney, W. Shang, and J. D. Hosein, \"Maglev: A fast and reliable software network load balancer,\" in 13th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI 2016, Santa Clara, CA, USA, March 16--18, 2016, 2016, pp. 523--535. [Online]. 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Wang , \" Serpens: A high-performance serverless platform for nfv,\" in 2020 IEEE\/ACM 28th International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQoS) . IEEE , 2020 , pp. 1 -- 10 . J. Shen, H. Yu, Z. Zheng, C. Sun, M. Xu, and J. Wang, \"Serpens: A high-performance serverless platform for nfv,\" in 2020 IEEE\/ACM 28th International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQoS). IEEE, 2020, pp. 1--10."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3061814"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Galleon: Reshaping the square peg of nfv,\" arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.06466","author":"Wang J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"J. Wang , T. L\u00b4evai , Z. Li , M. A. Vieira , R. Govindan , and B. Raghavan , \" Galleon: Reshaping the square peg of nfv,\" arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.06466 , 2021 . J. Wang, T. L\u00b4evai, Z. Li, M. A. Vieira, R. Govindan, and B. Raghavan, \"Galleon: Reshaping the square peg of nfv,\" arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.06466, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2934872.2934875"},{"volume-title":"Netbricks: Taking the v out of NFV,\" in 12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 16)","author":"Panda A.","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"A. Panda , S. Han , K. Jang , M. Walls , S. Ratnasamy , and S. Shenker , \" Netbricks: Taking the v out of NFV,\" in 12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 16) . A. Panda, S. Han, K. Jang, M. Walls, S. Ratnasamy, and S. Shenker, \"Netbricks: Taking the v out of NFV,\" in 12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 16)."}],"container-title":["ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3561074.3561092","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3561074.3561092","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T17:49:16Z","timestamp":1750182556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3561074.3561092"}},"subtitle":["Granular Decomposition of Stateful NFV at 100 Gbps Line Speed and Beyond"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3561074.3561092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3561074.3561092","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-5999"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0163-5999"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-08-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}