{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:59:53Z","timestamp":1776095993224,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":56,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3561975.3562941","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T22:10:57Z","timestamp":1665526257000},"page":"1-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Toward Believable Acting for Autonomous Animated Characters"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Cassidy","family":"Curtis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Research, USA"}]},{"given":"Sigurdur Orn","family":"Adalgeirsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Research, USA"}]},{"given":"Horia Stefan","family":"Ciurdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Research, USA"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"McDermott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Research, USA"}]},{"given":"JD","family":"Vel\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Research, USA"}]},{"given":"W. Bradley","family":"Knox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Research, USA"}]},{"given":"Alonso","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Research, USA"}]},{"given":"Dei","family":"Gaztelumendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Research, USA"}]},{"given":"Norberto Adrian","family":"Goussies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Research, USA"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Research, USA"}]},{"given":"Palash","family":"Nandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Research, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/jse.2012010104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-008-0001-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Intrinsically motivated learning in natural and artificial systems","author":"Barto G","unstructured":"Andrew\u00a0 G Barto . 2013. Intrinsic motivation and reinforcement learning . In Intrinsically motivated learning in natural and artificial systems . Springer , 17\u201347. Andrew\u00a0G Barto. 2013. Intrinsic motivation and reinforcement learning. In Intrinsically motivated learning in natural and artificial systems. Springer, 17\u201347."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/176789.176803"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","volume-title":"Unifying count-based exploration and intrinsic motivation. Advances in neural information processing systems 29","author":"Bellemare Marc","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marc Bellemare , Sriram Srinivasan , Georg Ostrovski , Tom Schaul , David Saxton , and Remi Munos . 2016. Unifying count-based exploration and intrinsic motivation. Advances in neural information processing systems 29 ( 2016 ), 1471\u20131479. Marc Bellemare, Sriram Srinivasan, Georg Ostrovski, Tom Schaul, David Saxton, and Remi Munos. 2016. Unifying count-based exploration and intrinsic motivation. Advances in neural information processing systems 29 (2016), 1471\u20131479."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3226552.3226574"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","volume-title":"Vehicles: Experiments in synthetic psychology","author":"Braitenberg Valentino","year":"1986","unstructured":"Valentino Braitenberg . 1986 . Vehicles: Experiments in synthetic psychology . MIT press . Valentino Braitenberg. 1986. Vehicles: Experiments in synthetic psychology. MIT press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsm017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","unstructured":"Jonathan Cooper. 2018. The Last Guardian: Procedural Animation. Game Anim: Video Game Animaiton Explained. https:\/\/www.gameanim.com\/2018\/01\/24\/last-guardian-procedural-animation\/  Jonathan Cooper. 2018. The Last Guardian: Procedural Animation. Game Anim: Video Game Animaiton Explained. https:\/\/www.gameanim.com\/2018\/01\/24\/last-guardian-procedural-animation\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2015.7333675"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"Seed RL: Scalable and efficient deep-RL with accelerated central inference. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.06591(2019).","author":"Espeholt Lasse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lasse Espeholt , Rapha\u00ebl Marinier , Piotr Stanczyk , Ke Wang , and Marcin Michalski . 2019 . Seed RL: Scalable and efficient deep-RL with accelerated central inference. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.06591(2019). Lasse Espeholt, Rapha\u00ebl Marinier, Piotr Stanczyk, Ke Wang, and Marcin Michalski. 2019. Seed RL: Scalable and efficient deep-RL with accelerated central inference. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.06591(2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3383652.3423873"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"Games Media Entertainment","author":"Forgette Jacquelyne","unstructured":"Jacquelyne Forgette and Michael Katchabaw . 2014. Enabling motivated believable agents with reinforcement learning . In Games Media Entertainment . IEEE , 1\u20138. Jacquelyne Forgette and Michael Katchabaw. 2014. Enabling motivated believable agents with reinforcement learning. In Games Media Entertainment. IEEE, 1\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/642611.642653"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"Teleological reasoning in infancy: The na\u00efve theory of rational action. Trends in cognitive sciences 7, 7","author":"Gergely Gy\u00f6rgy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gy\u00f6rgy Gergely and Gergely Csibra . 2003. Teleological reasoning in infancy: The na\u00efve theory of rational action. Trends in cognitive sciences 7, 7 ( 2003 ), 287\u2013292. Gy\u00f6rgy Gergely and Gergely Csibra. 2003. Teleological reasoning in infancy: The na\u00efve theory of rational action. Trends in cognitive sciences 7, 7 (2003), 287\u2013292."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-02756-2_27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"Dimensions of mind perception. science 315, 5812","author":"Gray M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heather\u00a0 M Gray , Kurt Gray , and Daniel\u00a0 M Wegner . 2007. Dimensions of mind perception. science 315, 5812 ( 2007 ), 619\u2013619. Heather\u00a0M Gray, Kurt Gray, and Daniel\u00a0M Wegner. 2007. Dimensions of mind perception. science 315, 5812 (2007), 619\u2013619."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1360612.1360626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","unstructured":"Elmer Jacobs Joost Broekens and Catholijn Jonker. 2014. Emergent dynamics of joy distress hope and fear in reinforcement learning agents. In Adaptive learning agents workshop at AAMAS2014.  Elmer Jacobs Joost Broekens and Catholijn Jonker. 2014. Emergent dynamics of joy distress hope and fear in reinforcement learning agents. In Adaptive learning agents workshop at AAMAS2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","volume-title":"The Rain World Animation Process. Game Developers Conference","author":"Jakobsson Joar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Joar Jakobsson and James Therrien . 2016 . The Rain World Animation Process. Game Developers Conference 2016. https:\/\/youtu.be\/sVntwsrjNe4 Joar Jakobsson and James Therrien. 2016. The Rain World Animation Process. Game Developers Conference 2016. https:\/\/youtu.be\/sVntwsrjNe4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Perception & psychophysics 14, 2","author":"Johansson Gunnar","year":"1973","unstructured":"Gunnar Johansson . 1973. Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Perception & psychophysics 14, 2 ( 1973 ), 201\u2013211. Gunnar Johansson. 1973. Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Perception & psychophysics 14, 2 (1973), 201\u2013211."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2005.1513865"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"Dead Redemption II\u2019. Game Developers Conference","author":"Kleanthous Tobias","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tobias Kleanthous . 2021 . Making the Believable Horses of \u2019Red Dead Redemption II\u2019. Game Developers Conference 2021. https:\/\/youtu.be\/8vtCqfFAjKQ Tobias Kleanthous. 2021. Making the Believable Horses of \u2019Red Dead Redemption II\u2019. Game Developers Conference 2021. https:\/\/youtu.be\/8vtCqfFAjKQ"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","volume-title":"Motion, Interaction and Games(MIG \u201919). ACM","author":"Klein Alex","unstructured":"Alex Klein , Zerrin Yumak , Arjen Beij , and A.\u00a0 Frank van\u00a0der Stappen . 2019. Data-Driven Gaze Animation Using Recurrent Neural Networks . In Motion, Interaction and Games(MIG \u201919). ACM , New York , Article 4, 11\u00a0pages. Alex Klein, Zerrin Yumak, Arjen Beij, and A.\u00a0Frank van\u00a0der Stappen. 2019. Data-Driven Gaze Animation Using Recurrent Neural Networks. In Motion, Interaction and Games(MIG \u201919). ACM, New York, Article 4, 11\u00a0pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11840541_29"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Social: Why our brains are wired to connect. OUP Oxford.","author":"Lieberman D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Matthew\u00a0 D Lieberman . 2013 . Social: Why our brains are wired to connect. OUP Oxford. Matthew\u00a0D Lieberman. 2013. Social: Why our brains are wired to connect. OUP Oxford."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.2990496"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","volume-title":"Believable Agents: Building Interactive Personalities.Technical Report","author":"Loyall B","year":"1997","unstructured":"Aaron\u00a0 B Loyall . 1997 . Believable Agents: Building Interactive Personalities.Technical Report . Carnegie-Mellon University Department of Computer Science . Aaron\u00a0B Loyall. 1997. Believable Agents: Building Interactive Personalities.Technical Report. Carnegie-Mellon University Department of Computer Science."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2005.01582.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"Emotional body language synthesis for humanoid robots. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation","author":"Marmpena Asimina","unstructured":"Asimina Marmpena . 2021. Emotional body language synthesis for humanoid robots. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation . University of Plymouth. Asimina Marmpena. 2021. Emotional body language synthesis for humanoid robots. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. University of Plymouth."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","volume-title":"A theory of human motivation.Psychological review 50, 4","author":"Maslow Abraham\u00a0Harold","year":"1943","unstructured":"Abraham\u00a0Harold Maslow . 1943. A theory of human motivation.Psychological review 50, 4 ( 1943 ), 370. Abraham\u00a0Harold Maslow. 1943. A theory of human motivation.Psychological review 50, 4 (1943), 370."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/jagi-2020-0002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1255047.1255073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-017-5666-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.70"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","volume-title":"Virtual Storytelling. Using Virtual Reality Technologies for Storytelling, Olivier Balet, G\u00e9rard Subsol","author":"Perlin Ken","unstructured":"Ken Perlin . 2003. Building Virtual Actors Who Can Really Act . In Virtual Storytelling. Using Virtual Reality Technologies for Storytelling, Olivier Balet, G\u00e9rard Subsol , and Patrice Torguet (Eds.). Springer , Berlin, Heidelberg , 127\u2013134. Ken Perlin. 2003. Building Virtual Actors Who Can Really Act. In Virtual Storytelling. Using Virtual Reality Technologies for Storytelling, Olivier Balet, G\u00e9rard Subsol, and Patrice Torguet (Eds.). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 127\u2013134."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/237170.237258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89220-5_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173921"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"Game Developers Conference","author":"Rosen David","year":"2014","unstructured":"David Rosen . 2014 . An Indie Approach to Procedural Animation . Game Developers Conference 2014. https:\/\/youtu.be\/LNidsMesxSE David Rosen. 2014. An Indie Approach to Procedural Animation. Game Developers Conference 2014. https:\/\/youtu.be\/LNidsMesxSE"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","unstructured":"Micah\u00a0Marlon Rosenkind. 2015. Creating Believable Emergent Behaviour in Virtual Agents Using a Synthetic Psychology Approach. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. U. of Brighton.  Micah\u00a0Marlon Rosenkind. 2015. Creating Believable Emergent Behaviour in Virtual Agents Using a Synthetic Psychology Approach. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. U. of Brighton."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mark Sagar David Bullivant Paul Robertson Oleg Efimov Khurram Jawed Ratheesh Kalarot and Tim Wu. 2014. A neurobehavioural framework for autonomous animation of virtual human faces. In SIGGRAPH Asia 2014 Autonomous Virtual Humans and Social Robot for Telepresence. 1\u201310.  Mark Sagar David Bullivant Paul Robertson Oleg Efimov Khurram Jawed Ratheesh Kalarot and Tim Wu. 2014. A neurobehavioural framework for autonomous animation of virtual human faces. In SIGGRAPH Asia 2014 Autonomous Virtual Humans and Social Robot for Telepresence. 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1145\/2668956.2668960"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","volume-title":"The thing that should not be: predictive coding and the uncanny valley in perceiving human and humanoid robot actions. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience 7, 4","author":"Saygin Ayse\u00a0Pinar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ayse\u00a0Pinar Saygin , Thierry Chaminade , Hiroshi Ishiguro , Jon Driver , and Chris Frith . 2012. The thing that should not be: predictive coding and the uncanny valley in perceiving human and humanoid robot actions. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience 7, 4 ( 2012 ), 413\u2013422. Ayse\u00a0Pinar Saygin, Thierry Chaminade, Hiroshi Ishiguro, Jon Driver, and Chris Frith. 2012. The thing that should not be: predictive coding and the uncanny valley in perceiving human and humanoid robot actions. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience 7, 4 (2012), 413\u2013422."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","unstructured":"John Schulman Filip Wolski Prafulla Dhariwal Alec Radford and Oleg Klimov. 2017. Proximal policy optimization algorithms. arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.06347(2017).  John Schulman Filip Wolski Prafulla Dhariwal Alec Radford and Oleg Klimov. 2017. Proximal policy optimization algorithms. arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.06347(2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aiide.v15i1.5243"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/acting","author":"Strasberg Lee","unstructured":"Lee Strasberg and Ned Chaillet . 2021. Acting. Encyclopedia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/acting Lee Strasberg and Ned Chaillet. 2021. Acting. Encyclopedia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/acting"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACII.2017.8273617"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_49_1","volume-title":"Reinforcement learning: An introduction","author":"Sutton S","unstructured":"Richard\u00a0 S Sutton and Andrew\u00a0 G Barto . 2018. Reinforcement learning: An introduction . MIT press . Richard\u00a0S Sutton and Andrew\u00a0G Barto. 2018. Reinforcement learning: An introduction. MIT press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3528233.3530697"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_51_1","unstructured":"Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston. 1981. The Illusion of Life: Disney Animation. Hyperion New York.  Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston. 1981. The Illusion of Life: Disney Animation. Hyperion New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_52_1","volume-title":"The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays.","author":"Ronald\u00a0Reuel Tolkien John","unstructured":"John Ronald\u00a0Reuel Tolkien and Christopher Tolkien . 1984. On Fairy Stories . In The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays. Boston : Houghton Mifflin . John Ronald\u00a0Reuel Tolkien and Christopher Tolkien. 1984. On Fairy Stories. In The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays. Boston: Houghton Mifflin."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/jgcms.2012040103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1360674309990220"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_55_1","volume-title":"The Non-Player Character: Exploring the believability of NPC presentation and behavior. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. Department of Computer and Systems Sciences","author":"Warpefelt Henrik","unstructured":"Henrik Warpefelt . 2016. The Non-Player Character: Exploring the believability of NPC presentation and behavior. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. Department of Computer and Systems Sciences , Stockholm University . Henrik Warpefelt. 2016. The Non-Player Character: Exploring the believability of NPC presentation and behavior. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_56_1","volume-title":"From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, J.\u00a0A. Meyer and S.\u00a0W","author":"Wilson W","unstructured":"Stewart\u00a0 W Wilson . 1991. The animat path to AI . In From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, J.\u00a0A. Meyer and S.\u00a0W . Wilson (Eds.). MIT Press\/Bradford Books . Stewart\u00a0W Wilson. 1991. The animat path to AI. In From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, J.\u00a0A. Meyer and S.\u00a0W. Wilson (Eds.). MIT Press\/Bradford Books."}],"event":{"name":"MIG '22: ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Motion, Interaction and Games","location":"Guanajuato Mexico","acronym":"MIG '22","sponsor":["SIGGRAPH ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Motion, Interaction and Games"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3561975.3562941","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3561975.3562941","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T17:49:07Z","timestamp":1750182547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3561975.3562941"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3561975.3562941","10.1145\/3561975"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3561975.3562941","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}