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Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            RFID technology has recently been exploited for not only identification but also fine-grained trajectory tracking and gesture recognition. While contact-based\u00a0(a tag is attached to the target of interest) sensing has achieved promising results, contactless sensing still faces severe challenges such as low accuracy and inability to sense multiple targets simultaneously in proximity, restricting its applicability in real-world deployment. In this work, we present\n            <jats:bold>Tamera<\/jats:bold>\n            , a contactless RFID-based sensing system, which significantly improves the tracking accuracy, enables multi-commodity tracking, and even material and shopping behavior recognition. We successfully address multiple technical challenges, and design and implement our prototype on commodity RFID devices. We test the positioning accuracy of\n            <jats:bold>Tamera<\/jats:bold>\n            in a 5 m \u00d7 6 m laboratory.\n            <jats:bold>Tamera<\/jats:bold>\n            achieves a median error of 1.3 cm and 2.7 cm for contactless single- and multi-commodity tracking, respectively. In our laboratory, two shelves commonly found in the supermarket are arranged and the goods are placed on them.\n            <jats:bold>Tamera<\/jats:bold>\n            successfully localizes and identifies the material type (metal, plastic, paper, and glass) of the commodities on the shelf with an accuracy higher than 95%.\n            <jats:bold>Tamera<\/jats:bold>\n            successfully recognizes four shopping behaviors (taking commodity, replacing commodity, buying commodity, and invoking commodity) with an accuracy higher than 93%.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3563777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T09:55:35Z","timestamp":1663235735000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Tamera: Contactless Commodity Tracking, Material and Shopping Behavior Recognition Using COTS RFIDs"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-8869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China; CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, Hefei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1057-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panlong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China; CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, Hefei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5396-4554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3969-9472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanhao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China; CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, Hefei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6070-6625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China; CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, Hefei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on RFID","author":"Bhattacharyya Rahul","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rahul Bhattacharyya, Christian Floerkemeier, and Sanjay Sarma. 2010. 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