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Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Current LoRa networks including those following the LoRaWAN specification use the primitive ALOHA mechanism for media access control due to LoRa\u2019s lack of carrier sense capability. From our extensive measurements, the channel activity detection feature that was recently introduced to LoRa for energy-efficiently detecting preamble chirps can also detect payload chirps reliably. This sheds light on an efficient carrier-sense multiple access protocol that we refer to as LMAC for LoRa networks. This article presents the designs of three advancing versions of LMAC that respectively implement carrier-sense multiple access, and balance the communication loads among the channels defined by frequencies and spreading factors based on the end nodes\u2019 local information and then additionally the gateway\u2019s global information. Experiments on a 50-node lab testbed and a 16-node university deployment show that, compared with ALOHA, LMAC brings up to 2.2\u00d7 goodput improvement and 2.4\u00d7 reduction of radio energy per successfully delivered frame. Thus, should LoRaWAN\u2019s ALOHA be replaced with LMAC, network performance boosts can be realized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3564530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T11:21:14Z","timestamp":1663845674000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["LMAC: Efficient Carrier-Sense Multiple Access for LoRa"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9828-9663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amalinda","family":"Gamage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University, Singpore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0825-9872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jansen","family":"Liando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University, Singpore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2153-811X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaojie","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University, Singpore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8441-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University, Singpore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6047-9709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University, Singpore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3889-7047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Seller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semtech, Meylan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"IEEE Std 802.15.1-2005 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.15.1-2002) 2005 IEEE Standard for Information technology\u2014Local and metropolitan area networks\u2014Specific requirements\u2014Part 15.1a: Wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for wireless personal area networks (WPAN)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"IEEE Std 802.11-2007 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.11-1999) 2007 IEEE Standard for Information Technology\u2014Telecommunications and information exchange between systems\u2014Local and metropolitan area networks\u2014Specific requirements\u2014Part 11: Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","volume-title":"SX1272\/3\/6\/7\/8: LoRa Modem","year":"2013","unstructured":"Semtech Corporation. 2013. 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