{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T16:39:21Z","timestamp":1776875961048,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N00014-17-1-2783"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-17-1-2783"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["CNS 1646383, CNS 1932529, CNS 1815891, and SaTC 1718952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS 1646383, CNS 1932529, CNS 1815891, and SaTC 1718952"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Timing correctness is crucial in a multi-criticality real-time system, such as an autonomous driving system. It has been recently shown that these systems can be vulnerable to timing inference attacks, mainly due to their predictable behavioral patterns. Existing solutions like schedule randomization cannot protect against such attacks, often limited by the system\u2019s real-time nature. This article presents \u201c\n            <jats:italic>SchedGuard++<\/jats:italic>\n            \u201d: a temporal protection framework for Linux-based real-time systems that protects against posterior schedule-based attacks by preventing untrusted tasks from executing during specific time intervals.\n            <jats:italic>SchedGuard++<\/jats:italic>\n            supports multi-core platforms and is implemented using Linux containers and a customized Linux kernel real-time scheduler. We provide schedulability analysis assuming the Logical Execution Time (LET) paradigm, which enforces I\/O predictability. The proposed response time analysis takes into account the interference from trusted and untrusted tasks and the impact of the protection mechanism. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our system using a realistic radio-controlled rover platform. Not only is \u201c\n            <jats:italic>SchedGuard++<\/jats:italic>\n            \u201d able to protect against the posterior schedule-based attacks, but it also ensures that the real-time tasks\/containers meet their temporal\u00a0requirements.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3565974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T13:23:23Z","timestamp":1666704203000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["SchedGuard++: Protecting against Schedule Leaks Using Linux Containers on Multi-Core Processors"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5716-890X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-4976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kloda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAAS-CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INSA, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5406-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohan","family":"Tabish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4848-6850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayoosh","family":"Bansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4727-694X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9383-9205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3295-0233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibin","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2328-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Caccamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5578-0791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lui","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"[n.d.]. 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