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Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose HandyGaze, a 6-DoF gaze tracking technique for room-scale environments that can be carried out by simply holding a smartphone naturally without installing any sensors or markers in the environment. Our technique simultaneously employs the smartphone\u2019s front and rear cameras: The front camera estimates the user\u2019s gaze vector relative to the smartphone, while the rear camera (and depth sensor, if available) performs self-localization by reconstructing a pre-obtained 3D map of the environment. To achieve this, we implemented a prototype that works on iOS smartphones by running an ARKit-based algorithm for estimating the user\u2019s 6-DoF head orientation. We additionally implemented a novel calibration method that offsets the user-specific deviation between the head and gaze orientations. We then conducted a user study (N=10) that measured our technique\u2019s positional accuracy to the gaze target under four conditions, based on combinations of use with and without a depth sensor and calibration. The results show that our calibration method was able to reduce the mean absolute error of the gaze point by 27%, with an error of 0.53\u202fm when using the depth sensor. We also report the target size required to avoid erroneous inputs. Finally, we suggest possible applications such as a gaze-based guidance application for museums.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3567715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T21:31:51Z","timestamp":1668461511000},"page":"143-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["HandyGaze: A Gaze Tracking Technique for Room-Scale Environments using a Single Smartphone"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6408-1725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiro","family":"Nagai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1039-0167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohoku University, Sendai, 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