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Reconfigurable Technol. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Fruit-80, which emerged as an ultra-lightweight stream cipher with 80-bit secret key, is oriented toward resource-constrained devices in the Internet of Things. In this article, we propose area and speed optimization architectures of Fruit-80 on FPGAs. Our implementations include both serial and parallel structure and optimize area, power, speed, and throughput, respectively. The area optimization architecture aims to achieve the most suitable ratio of look-up-tables and flip-flops to fully utilize the reconfigurable unit. It also reuses NFSR and LFSR feedback functions to save resources for high throughput. The speed optimization architecture adopts a hybrid approach for parallelization and reduces the latency of long data paths by pre-generating primary feedback and inserting flip-flops. Besides, we recommend using the round key function to optimize serial or parallel implementations for Fruit-80 and using indexing and shifting methods for different throughput. In conclusion, our results show that the area optimization architecture occupies up to 35 slices on Xilinx Spartan-3 FPGA and 18 slices on Xilinx 7 series FPGA, smaller than that of Grain and other common stream ciphers. The optimal throughput\/area ratio of the speed optimization architecture is 7.74 Mbps\/slice, better than that of Grain v1, which is 5.98 Mbps\/slice. The serial implementation of Fruit-80 with round key function occupies only 75 slices on Spartan-3 FPGA. To the best of our knowledge, the result sets a new record of the minimum area in lightweight cipher implementation on FPGA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3569455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T13:26:43Z","timestamp":1666704403000},"page":"1-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hardware Optimizations of Fruit-80 Stream Cipher: Smaller than Grain"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4829-8753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gangqiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2186-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengyuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5733-4528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6489-9495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailiang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0986-0491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fudong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8903-8413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honggang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1319-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Lab, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE INFOCOM Workshops (Toronto, ON, Canada, April 27 - May 2)","author":"Ukil Arijit","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arijit Ukil, Soma Bandyopadhyay, and Arpan Pal. 2014. 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