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Existing investigation methods predominantly rely on human-manipulated experiments to examine dogs' behavioral responses to visual stimuli such as human gestures. As a result, existing experimental paradigms are usually constrained to in-lab environments and may not reveal the dog's responses to real-world visual scenes. Moreover, visual signals pertaining to dog behavioral responses are empirically derived from observational evidence, which can be prone to subjective bias and may lead to controversies. We aim to overcome or reduce the existing limitations of dog cognition studies by investigating a challenging issue: identifying the visual signal(s) from dog eye motion that can be utilized to infer causal explanations of its behaviors, namely estimating causal attention. To this end, we design a deep learning framework named Causal AtteNtIon NEtwork (CANINE) to unveil the dogs' causal attention mechanism, inspired by the recent advance in causality analysis with deep learning. Equipped with CANINE, we developed the first eyewear device to enable inference on the vision-related behavioral causality of canine wearers. We demonstrate the technical feasibility of the proposed CANINE glasses through their application in multiple representative experimental scenarios of dog cognitive study. Various in-field trials are also performed to demonstrate the generality of the CANINE eyewear in real-world scenarios. With the proposed CANINE glasses, we collect the first large-scale dataset, named DogsView, which consists of automatically generated annotations on the canine wearer's causal attention across a wide range of representative scenarios. The DogsView dataset is available online to facilitate research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3569490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T15:34:01Z","timestamp":1673451241000},"page":"1-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Unveiling Causal Attention in Dogs' Eyes with Smart Eyewear"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5902-1306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2428-0516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7868-5829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wentao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6220-029X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8897-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingzhi","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8122-6252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianghua (Sharon)","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9437-1376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qin","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5428-9530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert P.","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3103-8442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research Asia, Shanghai, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2164-8175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6633-4826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2915-974X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3944-7531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Cues to food location that domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) of different ages do and do not use. 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