{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T15:16:14Z","timestamp":1775229374372,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":67,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62102332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62102332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3570361.3592507","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T22:39:36Z","timestamp":1696113576000},"page":"1-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Wisdom of 1,170 Teams: Lessons and Experiences from a Large Indoor Localization Competition"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2948-6000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuming","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States of America"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1805-0530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiubin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3548-3335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhimeng","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8509-2650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States of America"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9174-9865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"XYZ10, Hongzhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9542-7095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanchao","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2589-3880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeqiang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"XYZ10, Hangzhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6122-5325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"XYZ10, Hangzhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6209-6886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1555-9996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paramvir","family":"Bahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft, Redmond, United States of America"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1992.10475879","article-title":"An introduction to kernel and nearest-neighbor nonparametric regression","volume":"46","author":"Altman Naomi S","year":"1992","unstructured":"Naomi S Altman . 1992 . An introduction to kernel and nearest-neighbor nonparametric regression . The American Statistician 46 , 3 (1992), 175 -- 185 . Naomi S Altman. 1992. An introduction to kernel and nearest-neighbor nonparametric regression. The American Statistician 46, 3 (1992), 175--185.","journal-title":"The American Statistician"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1614320.1614350"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Beaconstac. 2021. 10 Airports Using Beacons to Take Passenger Experience to the Next Level. https:\/\/blog.beaconstac.com\/2016\/03\/10-airports-using-beacons-to-take-passenger-experience-to-the-next-level\/. Beaconstac. 2021. 10 Airports Using Beacons to Take Passenger Experience to the Next Level. https:\/\/blog.beaconstac.com\/2016\/03\/10-airports-using-beacons-to-take-passenger-experience-to-the-next-level\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 1006--1014","author":"Blum Avrim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Avrim Blum and Moritz Hardt . 2015 . The ladder: A reliable leaderboard for machine learning competitions . In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 1006--1014 . Avrim Blum and Moritz Hardt. 2015. The ladder: A reliable leaderboard for machine learning competitions. In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 1006--1014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3143361.3143385"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1859995.1860016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"SSST@EMNLP","author":"Cho Kyunghyun","unstructured":"Kyunghyun Cho , Bart van Merrienboer , Dzmitry Bahdanau , and Yoshua Bengio . 2014. On the Properties of Neural Machine Translation: Encoder-Decoder Approaches . In SSST@EMNLP . Association for Computational Linguistics , 103--111. Kyunghyun Cho, Bart van Merrienboer, Dzmitry Bahdanau, and Yoshua Bengio. 2014. On the Properties of Neural Machine Translation: Encoder-Decoder Approaches. In SSST@EMNLP. Association for Computational Linguistics, 103--111."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Charles K Chui Guanrong Chen etal 2017. Kalman filtering. Springer. Charles K Chui Guanrong Chen et al. 2017. Kalman filtering. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2021.3107043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2003.1236770"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2809695.2809722"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2430281"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2008.4655364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Google. 2022. Google Indoor Maps. https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/about\/partners\/indoormaps\/. Google. 2022. Google Indoor Maps. https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/about\/partners\/indoormaps\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Google. 2022. WiFi scanning overview. https:\/\/developer.android.com\/guide\/topics\/connectivity\/wifi-scan. Google. 2022. WiFi scanning overview. https:\/\/developer.android.com\/guide\/topics\/connectivity\/wifi-scan."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2079296.2079299"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2005.06.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2007.296"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1925861.1925870"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2809695.2809703"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2940368"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Long short-term memory. Neural computation 9, 8","author":"Hochreiter Sepp","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sepp Hochreiter and J\u00fcrgen Schmidhuber . 1997. Long short-term memory. Neural computation 9, 8 ( 1997 ), 1735--1780. Sepp Hochreiter and J\u00fcrgen Schmidhuber. 1997. Long short-term memory. Neural computation 9, 8 (1997), 1735--1780."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"IndoorAtlas. 2016. Hyper-local maps and navigation for millions. https:\/\/www.indooratlas.com\/case\/improving-indoor-mapping-capabilities-with-yahoo-japan\/. IndoorAtlas. 2016. Hyper-local maps and navigation for millions. https:\/\/www.indooratlas.com\/case\/improving-indoor-mapping-capabilities-with-yahoo-japan\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation. https:\/\/ipin-conference.org\/.","author":"IPIN.","year":"2022","unstructured":"IPIN. 2022 . International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation. https:\/\/ipin-conference.org\/. IPIN. 2022. International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation. https:\/\/ipin-conference.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"IPIN. 2022. IPIN competition. https:\/\/evaal.aaloa.org\/. IPIN. 2022. IPIN competition. https:\/\/evaal.aaloa.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2382568"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Lightgbm: A highly efficient gradient boosting decision tree. Advances in neural information processing systems 30","author":"Ke Guolin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guolin Ke , Qi Meng , Thomas Finley , Taifeng Wang , Wei Chen , Weidong Ma , Qiwei Ye , and Tie-Yan Liu . 2017 . Lightgbm: A highly efficient gradient boosting decision tree. Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (2017). Guolin Ke, Qi Meng, Thomas Finley, Taifeng Wang, Wei Chen, Weidong Ma, Qiwei Ye, and Tie-Yan Liu. 2017. Lightgbm: A highly efficient gradient boosting decision tree. Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787487"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2639108.2639109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Yann LeCun Yoshua Bengio etal 1995. Convolutional networks for images speech and time series. The handbook of brain theory and neural networks 3361 10 (1995) 1995. Yann LeCun Yoshua Bengio et al. 1995. Convolutional networks for images speech and time series. The handbook of brain theory and neural networks 3361 10 (1995) 1995."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2015.2495229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Locatify. 2020. BLE Beacon Museum Guide with real-time user location. https:\/\/locatify.com\/blog\/case-studies\/eldheimar-museum\/. Locatify. 2020. BLE Beacon Museum Guide with real-time user location. https:\/\/locatify.com\/blog\/case-studies\/eldheimar-museum\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2017.2713817"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Vlado Handziski, and Souvik Sen.","author":"Lymberopoulos Dimitrios","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dimitrios Lymberopoulos , Jie Liu , Xue Yang , Romit Roy Choudhury , Vlado Handziski, and Souvik Sen. 2015 . A realistic evaluation and comparison of indoor location technologies: experiences and lessons learned. In IPSN. ACM, New York, NY, USA , 178--189. Dimitrios Lymberopoulos, Jie Liu, Xue Yang, Romit Roy Choudhury, Vlado Handziski, and Souvik Sen. 2015. A realistic evaluation and comparison of indoor location technologies: experiences and lessons learned. In IPSN. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 178--189."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3310194"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2594368.2594393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3495243.3560546"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2003.1209196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2013.6817854"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. Psychological review 65, 6","author":"Rosenblatt Frank","year":"1958","unstructured":"Frank Rosenblatt . 1958. The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. Psychological review 65, 6 ( 1958 ), 386. Frank Rosenblatt. 1958. The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. Psychological review 65, 6 (1958), 386."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Proceeding of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services. 249--262.","author":"Sen Souvik","unstructured":"Souvik Sen , Jeongkeun Lee , Kyu-Han Kim , and Paul Congdon . 2013. Avoiding multipath to revive inbuilding WiFi localization . In Proceeding of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services. 249--262. Souvik Sen, Jeongkeun Lee, Kyu-Han Kim, and Paul Congdon. 2013. Avoiding multipath to revive inbuilding WiFi localization. In Proceeding of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services. 249--262."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2307636.2307654"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAHSS.2004.1392104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.042211.100966"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1999995.2000011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"8th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 11)","author":"Thiagarajan Arvind","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arvind Thiagarajan , Lenin Ravindranath , Hari Balakrishnan , Samuel Madden , and Lewis Girod . 2011 . Accurate,{Low-Energy} Trajectory Mapping for Mobile Devices . In 8th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 11) . Arvind Thiagarajan, Lenin Ravindranath, Hari Balakrishnan, Samuel Madden, and Lewis Girod. 2011. Accurate,{Low-Energy} Trajectory Mapping for Mobile Devices. In 8th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 11)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2510364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"WaveNet: A generative model for raw audio","volume":"125","author":"Den Oord A\u00e4ron Van","year":"2016","unstructured":"A\u00e4ron Van Den Oord , Sander Dieleman , Heiga Zen , Karen Simonyan , Oriol Vinyals , Alex Graves , Nal Kalchbrenner , Andrew W Senior , and Koray Kavukcuoglu . 2016 . WaveNet: A generative model for raw audio . SSW 125 (2016), 2 . A\u00e4ron Van Den Oord, Sander Dieleman, Heiga Zen, Karen Simonyan, Oriol Vinyals, Alex Graves, Nal Kalchbrenner, Andrew W Senior, and Koray Kavukcuoglu. 2016. WaveNet: A generative model for raw audio. SSW 125 (2016), 2.","journal-title":"SSW"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"13th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 16)","author":"Vasisht Deepak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deepak Vasisht , Swarun Kumar , and Dina Katabi . 2016 . {Decimeter-Level} Localization with a Single {WiFi} Access Point . In 13th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 16) . 165--178. Deepak Vasisht, Swarun Kumar, and Dina Katabi. 2016. {Decimeter-Level} Localization with a Single {WiFi} Access Point. In 13th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 16). 165--178."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2011.6071954"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2012.179","article-title":"WILL: Wireless indoor localization without site survey","volume":"24","author":"Wu Chenshu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chenshu Wu , Zheng Yang , Yunhao Liu , and Wei Xi . 2012 . WILL: Wireless indoor localization without site survey . IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed systems 24 , 4 (2012), 839 -- 848 . Chenshu Wu, Zheng Yang, Yunhao Liu, and Wei Xi. 2012. WILL: Wireless indoor localization without site survey. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed systems 24, 4 (2012), 839--848.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2012.042712.110035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2933232"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2632048.2632057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"10th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 13)","author":"Xiong Jie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jie Xiong and Kyle Jamieson . 2013 . {ArrayTrack}: A {Fine-Grained} Indoor Location System . In 10th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 13) . 71--84. Jie Xiong and Kyle Jamieson. 2013. {ArrayTrack}: A {Fine-Grained} Indoor Location System. In 10th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 13). 71--84."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7060497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2030613.2030625"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2348543.2348578"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Experience: Practical Indoor Localization for Malls. In MobiCom. ACM, 1--12.","author":"Yuming Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu Yuming , Qian Feng , Yin Zhimeng , Li Zhenhua , Ji Zhe , Xu Qiang , Han Yeqiang , and Jiang Wei . 2022 . Experience: Practical Indoor Localization for Malls. In MobiCom. ACM, 1--12. Hu Yuming, Qian Feng, Yin Zhimeng, Li Zhenhua, Ji Zhe, Xu Qiang, Han Yeqiang, and Jiang Wei. 2022. Experience: Practical Indoor Localization for Malls. In MobiCom. ACM, 1--12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3081333.3081356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2911558"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2973750.2985612"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2006.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3495243.3517023"}],"event":{"name":"ACM MobiCom '23: 29th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","location":"Madrid Spain","acronym":"ACM MobiCom '23","sponsor":["SIGMOBILE ACM Special Interest Group on Mobility of Systems, Users, Data and Computing"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3570361.3592507","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3570361.3592507","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T17:49:27Z","timestamp":1750182567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3570361.3592507"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3570361.3592507","10.1145\/3570361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3570361.3592507","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}