{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T13:18:36Z","timestamp":1768828716648,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) of Taiwan","award":["111-2218-E-110-001-MBK, 110-2923-E-110-001-MY3, 110-2221-E-004-003, and 111-2221-E-004-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2218-E-110-001-MBK, 110-2923-E-110-001-MY3, 110-2221-E-004-003, and 111-2221-E-004-005"]}]},{"name":"Information Security Research Center at National Sun Yat-sen University in Taiwan"},{"name":"Intelligent Electronic Commerce Research Center from The Featured Areas Research Center Program"},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            As\n            <jats:bold>Internet of Things (IoT)<\/jats:bold>\n            thrives over the whole world, more and more IoT devices and IoT-based protocols have been designed and proposed in order to meet people\u2019s needs. Among those protocols,\n            <jats:bold>message queueing telemetry transport (MQTT)<\/jats:bold>\n            is one of the most emerging and promising protocols, which provides many-to-many message transmissions based on the \u201cpublish\/subscribe\u201d mechanism. It has been widely used in industries such as the energy industry, chemical engineering, self-driving, and so on. While transporting important messages, MQTT specification recommends the use of TLS protocol. However, the computation cost of TLS is too heavy. Since topics in a broker are stored with a hierarchical structure, in this manuscript, we propose a novel data protection protocol for MQTT from hierarchical ID-based encryption. Our protocol adopts the intrinsic hierarchical structures of MQTT, and achieves constant-size keys, i.e., independent of the depth in hierarchical structures. Besides, the formal security model for the proposed protocol have been defined in the manuscript. The proposed protocol have been formally proven chosen-plaintext secure under the \u2113-wBDHI assumption.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3570506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T11:58:39Z","timestamp":1667822319000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["An Efficient Data Protection Scheme Based on Hierarchical ID-Based Encryption for MQTT"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7512-1291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-I","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Information Security Research Center, Intelligent Electronic Commerce Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9247-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Han","family":"Shie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6948-2405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Fan","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, National Chengchi University, Taipei City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3558-5550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui-Chun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS.2015.59"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2007.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11426639_26"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44647-8_13","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology \u2014 CRYPTO 2001","author":"Boneh Dan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dan Boneh and Matt Franklin. 2001. Identity-based encryption from the Weil pairing. In Advances in Cryptology \u2014 CRYPTO 2001, Joe Kilian (Ed.). Springer, Berlin, Berlin, 213\u2013229."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"89","article-title":"Attribute-based encryption for fine-grained access control of encrypted data","author":"Goyal Vipul","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vipul Goyal, Omkant Pandey, Amit Sahai, and Brent Waters. 2006. Attribute-based encryption for fine-grained access control of encrypted data. 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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","volume-title":"The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2","author":"(IETF) Internet Engineering Task Force","year":"2008","unstructured":"Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). 2008. The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2. Technical Report. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","volume-title":"Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core","author":"(IETF) Internet Engineering Task Force","year":"2011","unstructured":"Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). 2011. Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core. Technical Report. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","volume-title":"The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)","author":"(IETF) Internet Engineering Task Force","year":"2014","unstructured":"Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). 2014. The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). Technical Report. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","volume-title":"The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3","author":"(IETF) Internet Engineering Task Force","year":"2018","unstructured":"Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). 2018. The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3. Technical Report. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IconDSC.2019.8817043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","volume-title":"MQTT Version 3.1.1.","year":"2014","unstructured":"OASIS. 2014. MQTT Version 3.1.1.Technical Report. OASIS."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","volume-title":"MQTT Version 5.0","year":"2019","unstructured":"OASIS. 2019. MQTT Version 5.0. Technical Report. OASIS."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","volume-title":"Global Industrial\/Consumer IoT Connected Objects 2018-2025. Statista Ltd.","author":"O\u2019Dea. S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"S. O\u2019Dea.2020. Global Industrial\/Consumer IoT Connected Objects 2018-2025. Statista Ltd.Technical Report. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/976079\/number-of-iot-connected-objects-worldwide-by-type\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/P2P.2013.6688722"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTSMS48152.2019.8939177"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"106","volume-title":"Topics in Cryptology \u2014 CT-RSA 2015","author":"Seo Jae Hong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jae Hong Seo and Keita Emura. 2015. Revocable hierarchical identity-based encryption: History-free update, security against insiders, and short ciphertexts. In Topics in Cryptology \u2014 CT-RSA 2015, Kaisa Nyberg (Ed.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 106\u2013123."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNT.2015.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2014.6883405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.070813.00063"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3570506","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3570506","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:46:17Z","timestamp":1750178777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3570506"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3570506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3570506","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4859","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-4867","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}