{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:21:04Z","timestamp":1792693264651,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Priv. Secur."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Autonomous transport is receiving increasing attention, with research and development activities already providing prototype implementations. In this article we focus on\n                    <jats:bold>Autonomous Passenger Ships (APS)<\/jats:bold>\n                    , which are being considered as a solution for passenger transport across urban waterways. The ambition of the authors has been to examine the safety and security implications of such a\n                    <jats:bold>Cyber Physical System (CPS)<\/jats:bold>\n                    , particularly focusing on threats that endanger the passengers and the operational environment of the APS. Accordingly, the article presents a new risk assessment approach based on a\n                    <jats:bold>Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA)<\/jats:bold>\n                    that is enriched with selected semantics and components of the MITRE ATT&amp;CK framework, in order to utilize the encoded common knowledge and facilitate the expression of attacks. Then, the proposed approach is demonstrated through conducting a risk assessment for a communication architecture tailored to the requirements of APSs that were proposed in earlier work. Moreover, we propose a group of graph theory-based metrics for estimating the impact of the identified risks. The use of this method has resulted in the identification of risks and their corresponding countermeasures, in addition to identifying risks with limited existing mitigation mechanisms. The benefits of the proposed approach are the comprehensive, atomic, and descriptive nature of the identified threats, which reduce the need for expert judgment, and the granular impact estimation metrics that reduce the impact of bias. All these features are provided in a semi-automated approach to reduce the required effort and collectively are argued to enrich the design-level risk assessment processes with an updatable industry threat model standard, namely ATT&amp;CK.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3571733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T07:52:10Z","timestamp":1669017130000},"page":"1-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Assessing Cyber Risk in Cyber-Physical Systems Using the ATT&amp;CK Framework"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3390-0772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Amro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Teknologivegen, Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7304-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios","family":"Gkioulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Teknologivegen, Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2966-9683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sokratis","family":"Katsikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Teknologivegen, Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"https:\/\/github.com\/ahmed-amro\/APS-Communication_Architecture.git APS communication architecture AADL model"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"2018. COSCO Shipping Lines Falls Victim to Cyber Attack. https:\/\/bit.ly\/COSCOAttack."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"2018. Iranian hackers suspected in cyber breach and extortion attempt on Navy shipbuilder Austal. https:\/\/bit.ly\/AustalAttack."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3387940.3391473"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Otis Alexander Misha Belisle and Jacob Steele. 2020. MITRE ATT&CK\u00ae for industrial control systems: Design and philosophy. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","article-title":"ORA User\u2019s Guide 2017","author":"Altman Neal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Neal Altman, Kathleen M. Carley, and Jeffrey Reminga. 2017. ORA User\u2019s Guide 2017. Center for the Computational Analysis of Social and Organizational System CASOS Technical Report (2017).","journal-title":"Center for the Computational Analysis of Social and Organizational System CASOS Technical Report"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Computer Security","author":"Amro Ahmed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmed Amro, Vasileios Gkioulos, and Sokratis Katsikas. 2019. Connect and protect: Requirements for maritime autonomous surface ship in urban passenger transportation. In Computer Security. Springer, 69\u201385."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"1748006X2110025","article-title":"Communication architecture for autonomous passenger ship","author":"Amro Ahmed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmed Amro, Vasileios Gkioulos, and Sokratis Katsikas. 2021. Communication architecture for autonomous passenger ship. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability (2021), 1748006X211002546.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40887-018-0025-1","article-title":"Strengthening information technology security through the failure modes and effects analysis approach","volume":"4","author":"Asllani Arben","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arben Asllani, Alireza Lari, and Nasim Lari. 2018. Strengthening information technology security through the failure modes and effects analysis approach. International Journal of Quality Innovation 4, 1 (2018), 5.","journal-title":"International Journal of Quality Innovation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","author":"Behfarnia Ali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ali Behfarnia and Ali Eslami. 2018. Risk assessment of autonomous vehicles using Bayesian defense graphs. In 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall). IEEE, 1\u20135."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Annual Privacy Forum","author":"Bieker Felix","year":"2016","unstructured":"Felix Bieker, Michael Friedewald, Marit Hansen, Hannah Obersteller, and Martin Rost. 2016. A process for data protection impact assessment under the European general data protection regulation. In Annual Privacy Forum. Springer, 21\u201337."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104908"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"265","article-title":"Dynamic network analysis (DNA) and ORA","author":"Carley Kathleen M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kathleen M. Carley and J\u00fcrgen Pfeffer. 2012. Dynamic network analysis (DNA) and ORA. Advances in Design for Cross-Cultural Activities Part I (2012), 265\u2013274.","journal-title":"Advances in Design for Cross-Cultural Activities Part I"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2009.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"IEC 60812 Technical Committee et\u00a0al. 2018. Analysis techniques for system reliability-procedure for failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA). (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"IEC 31010 Technical Committee et\u00a0al. 2019. 31010: Risk management\u2013risk assessment techniques. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","article-title":"Cybersecurity guidebook for cyber-physical vehicle systems","author":"Committee SAE J3061 Vehicle Cybersecurity Systems Engineering","year":"2016","unstructured":"SAE J3061 Vehicle Cybersecurity Systems Engineering Committee et\u00a0al. 2016. Cybersecurity guidebook for cyber-physical vehicle systems. SAE International (2016).","journal-title":"SAE International"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","article-title":"Interim Guidelines on Maritime Cyber Risk Management (MSC-FAL.1\/Circ.3\/Rev.1)","author":"Committee The Maritime Safety","unstructured":"The Maritime Safety Committee. [n.d.]. Interim Guidelines on Maritime Cyber Risk Management (MSC-FAL.1\/Circ.3\/Rev.1). https:\/\/cutt.ly\/6R8wqjN.","journal-title":"https:\/\/cutt.ly\/6R8wqjN"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.17818\/NM\/2019\/3.4","article-title":"E-navigation architecture overview and functional connection analysis","volume":"66","author":"\u010cori\u0107 Mirko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mirko \u010cori\u0107, Anita Gudelj, Zvonimir Lu\u0161i\u0107, and Sadko Mand\u017euka. 2019. E-navigation architecture overview and functional connection analysis. NA\u0160E MORE: Znanstveno-stru\u010dni \u010dasopis za more i Pomorstvo 66, 3 (2019), 120\u2013129.","journal-title":"NA\u0160E MORE: Znanstveno-stru\u010dni \u010dasopis za more i Pomorstvo"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7864"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Okan Duru. [n.d.]. The Future Shipping Company: Autonomous Shipping Fleet Operators. https:\/\/bit.ly\/MaritimeFuture."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"FIRST. 2019. Common vulnerability scoring system version 3.1: Specification document. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","volume-title":"Information Technology. Security Techniques. Information Security Risk Management: ISO\/IEC 27005: 2018","author":"Standardization International Organization for","year":"2018","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization. 2018. Information Technology. Security Techniques. Information Security Risk Management: ISO\/IEC 27005: 2018. International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00773-018-0561-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","unstructured":"Andy Greenberg. [n.d.]. The Untold Story of NotPetya the Most Devastating Cyberattack in History. https:\/\/bit.ly\/MaerskAttack."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","volume-title":"Defense Evasion Dominant in Top MITRE ATT&CK Tactics of 2019","author":"GROUP INSIKT","year":"2020","unstructured":"INSIKT GROUP. 2020 (accessed December 2, 2020). Defense Evasion Dominant in Top MITRE ATT&CK Tactics of 2019. https:\/\/www.recordedfuture.com\/mitre-attack-tactics\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(99)00006-0","article-title":"A new hazardous waste index","volume":"67","author":"Gupta J. P.","year":"1999","unstructured":"J. P. Gupta and B. Suresh Babu. 1999. A new hazardous waste index. Journal of Hazardous Materials 67, 1 (1999), 1\u20137.","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","unstructured":"David Hambling. 2017. Ships fooled in GPS spoofing attack suggest Russian cyberweapon. https:\/\/bit.ly\/GPSAttack."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","volume-title":"Design of a Small Autonomous Passenger Ferry","author":"Havdal Gina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gina Havdal, Christina Torjussen Heggelund, and Charlotte Hjelmseth Larssen. 2017. Design of a Small Autonomous Passenger Ferry. Master\u2019s thesis. NTNU."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2009.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2899015.2899018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Computer Security","author":"Jelacic Bojan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bojan Jelacic, Daniela Rosic, Imre Lendak, Marina Stanojevic, and Sebastijan Stoja. 2017. STRIDE to a secure smart grid in a hybrid cloud. In Computer Security. Springer, 77\u201390."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Computer Security","author":"Kavallieratos Georgios","year":"2018","unstructured":"Georgios Kavallieratos, Sokratis Katsikas, and Vasileios Gkioulos. 2018. Cyber-attacks against the autonomous ship. In Computer Security. Springer, 20\u201336."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3407023.3409227"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","article-title":"Authority centrality and hub centrality as metrics of systemic importance of financial market infrastructures","author":"Le\u00f3n Carlos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carlos Le\u00f3n. 2013. Authority centrality and hub centrality as metrics of systemic importance of financial market infrastructures. Available at SSRN 2290271 (2013).","journal-title":"Available at SSRN 2290271"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"302","volume-title":"International Workshop on Critical Information Infrastructures Security","author":"Luiijf Eric","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eric Luiijf, Albert Nieuwenhuijs, Marieke Klaver, Michel van Eeten, and Edite Cruz. 2008. Empirical findings on critical infrastructure dependencies in Europe. In International Workshop on Critical Information Infrastructures Security. Springer, 302\u2013310."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.04.268","article-title":"Threat and risk assessment methodologies in the automotive domain","volume":"83","author":"Macher Georg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Georg Macher, Eric Armengaud, Eugen Brenner, and Christian Kreiner. 2016. Threat and risk assessment methodologies in the automotive domain. Procedia Computer Science 83 (2016), 1288\u20131294.","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1548512916628335"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1109\/PDP.2009.42","volume-title":"2009 17th Euromicro International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-based Processing","author":"Mathes Markus","year":"2009","unstructured":"Markus Mathes, Christoph Stoidner, Steffen Heinzl, and Bernd Freisleben. 2009. SOAP4PLC: Web services for programmable logic controllers. In 2009 17th Euromicro International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-based Processing. IEEE, 210\u2013219."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Cyber kill chain analysis","volume":"3","author":"Mihai Ioan-Cosmin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ioan-Cosmin Mihai, Stefan Pruna, and Ionut-Daniel Barbu. 2014. Cyber kill chain analysis. Int\u2019l. J. Info. Sec. & Cybercrime 3 (2014), 37.","journal-title":"Int\u2019l. J. Info. Sec. & Cybercrime"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","volume-title":"Cyber Threat Intelligence Repository Expressed in Stix 2.0","year":"2020","unstructured":"MITRE. 2020 (accessed December 2, 2020). Cyber Threat Intelligence Repository Expressed in Stix 2.0. https:\/\/github.com\/mitre\/cti."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","volume-title":"Defacement Technique","year":"2020","unstructured":"MITRE. 2020 (accessed December 8, 2020). Defacement Technique. https:\/\/attack.mitre.org\/techniques\/T1491\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","volume-title":"Resource Hijacking","year":"2020","unstructured":"MITRE. 2020 (accessed December 8, 2020). Resource Hijacking. https:\/\/attack.mitre.org\/techniques\/T1496\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3198458.3198465"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1021\/je000244z","article-title":"The CAPEC database","volume":"46","author":"Nielsen Thomas L.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Thomas L. Nielsen, Jens Abildskov, Peter M. Harper, Irene Papaeconomou, and Rafiqul Gani. 2001. The CAPEC database. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 46, 5 (2001), 1041\u20131044.","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","unstructured":"NTNU Autoferry. 2018. Autoferry - Autonomous all-electric passenger ferries for urban water transport. https:\/\/www.ntnu.edu\/autoferry."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","volume-title":"Ransomware and Routers - Spectranet and Smile Ransomware Hit","author":"Olaniyi Emmanuel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emmanuel Olaniyi. 2020 (accessed December 8, 2020). Ransomware and Routers - Spectranet and Smile Ransomware Hit. https:\/\/www.cybersecfill.com\/ransomware-and-spectranet\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","volume-title":"Code Execution, Defense Evasion are Top Tactics used in Critical Attacks Against Corporate Endpoints","author":"Osborne Charlie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Charlie Osborne. 2020 (accessed December 2, 2020). Code Execution, Defense Evasion are Top Tactics used in Critical Attacks Against Corporate Endpoints. https:\/\/bit.ly\/zdnet-DefenseEvasion."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09511920903440313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Unified Kill Chain","author":"Pols Paul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paul Pols and Jan van den Berg. 2017. The Unified Kill Chain. CSA Thesis, Hague (2017), 1\u2013104.","journal-title":"CSA Thesis, Hague"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","volume-title":"Systems Security Engineering: Considerations for a Multidisciplinary Approach in the Engineering of Trustworthy Secure Systems","author":"Ross Ron","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ron Ross, Michael McEvilley, and Janet Oren. 2016. Systems Security Engineering: Considerations for a Multidisciplinary Approach in the Engineering of Trustworthy Secure Systems. Technical Report. National Institute of Standards and Technology."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HASE.2017.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","unstructured":"Tara Seals. [n.d.]. Researcher: Not Hard for a Hacker to Capsize a Ship at Sea. https:\/\/threatpost.com\/hacker-capsize-ship-sea\/142077\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2018.06.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","volume-title":"Threat Modeling: Designing for Security","author":"Shostack A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"A. Shostack. 2014. Threat Modeling: Designing for Security. Vol. Wiley Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","volume-title":"Teen Hacker in Poland Plays Trains and Derails City Tram System","author":"Smith Shelley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shelley Smith. 2020 (accessed December 8, 2020). Teen Hacker in Poland Plays Trains and Derails City Tram System. https:\/\/inhomelandsecurity.com\/teen_hacker_in_poland_plays_tr\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","first-page":"299","volume-title":"International Conference on Critical Infrastructure Protection","author":"Stergiopoulos George","year":"2015","unstructured":"George Stergiopoulos, Marianthi Theocharidou, Panayiotis Kotzanikolaou, and Dimitris Gritzalis. 2015. Using centrality measures in dependency risk graphs for efficient risk mitigation. In International Conference on Critical Infrastructure Protection. Springer, 299\u2013314."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","article-title":"Mitre ATT&CK: Design and Philosophy","author":"Strom Blake E.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blake E. Strom, Andy Applebaum, Doug P. Miller, Kathryn C. Nickels, Adam G. Pennington, and Cody B. Thomas. 2018. Mitre ATT&CK: Design and Philosophy. Technical Report (2018).","journal-title":"Technical Report"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2018 International Conference on Cyber Security and Protection of Digital Services (Cyber Security)","author":"Tam Kimberly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kimberly Tam and Kevin Jones. 2018. Cyber-risk assessment for autonomous ships. In 2018 International Conference on Cyber Security and Protection of Digital Services (Cyber Security). IEEE, 1\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13437-019-00162-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","first-page":"012024","volume-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","volume":"1357","author":"Thieme Christoph A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christoph A. Thieme, Chuanqi Guo, Ingrid B. Utne, and Stein Haugen. 2019. Preliminary hazard analysis of a small harbor passenger ferry\u2013results, challenges and further work. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1357. IOP Publishing, 012024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","volume-title":"Introduction to Graph Theory","author":"West Douglas Brent","year":"1996","unstructured":"Douglas Brent West et\u00a0al. 1996. Introduction to Graph Theory, Vol. 2. Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","unstructured":"Davey Winder. 2019. U.S. Coast Guard Issues Alert After Ship Heading Into Port of New York Hit By Cyberattack. https:\/\/bit.ly\/USShipAttack."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3571733","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3571733","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T13:49:33Z","timestamp":1750168173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3571733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3571733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3571733","relation":{},"ISSN":["2471-2566","2471-2574"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2471-2566","type":"print"},{"value":"2471-2574","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-02-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}