{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T05:12:02Z","timestamp":1755839522606,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":47,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3572334.3572395","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T22:10:44Z","timestamp":1683324644000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Closed Ranks: The Discursive Value of Military Support for Indian Politicians on Social Media"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Agrima","family":"Seth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Soham","family":"De","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arshia","family":"Arya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sushant","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joyojeet","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Twitter as a Tool for Malaysian Leaders in Building Credibility and Trust Among Young Voters","volume":"11","author":"Adanan Faizal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Faizal Adanan and Ismail Sualman . 2018 . Twitter as a Tool for Malaysian Leaders in Building Credibility and Trust Among Young Voters . Journal of Media and Information Warfare Vol 11 (2018), 1 \u2013 28 . Faizal Adanan and Ismail Sualman. 2018. Twitter as a Tool for Malaysian Leaders in Building Credibility and Trust Among Young Voters. Journal of Media and Information Warfare Vol 11 (2018), 1\u201328.","journal-title":"Journal of Media and Information Warfare"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, 2242\u20132251","author":"Ahmed Saifuddin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saifuddin Ahmed and Marko\u00a0 M Skoric . 2014 . My name is Khan: the use of Twitter in the campaign for 2013 Pakistan General Election . In 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, 2242\u20132251 . Saifuddin Ahmed and Marko\u00a0M Skoric. 2014. My name is Khan: the use of Twitter in the campaign for 2013 Pakistan General Election. In 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, 2242\u20132251."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prediction and analysis of Indonesia Presidential election from Twitter using sentiment analysis","volume":"5","author":"Budiharto Widodo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Widodo Budiharto and Meiliana Meiliana . 2018 . Prediction and analysis of Indonesia Presidential election from Twitter using sentiment analysis . Journal of Big data 5 , 1 (2018), 1 \u2013 10 . Widodo Budiharto and Meiliana Meiliana. 2018. Prediction and analysis of Indonesia Presidential election from Twitter using sentiment analysis. Journal of Big data 5, 1 (2018), 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Journal of Big data"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies. 1\u201311","author":"Chakraborty Sunandan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sunandan Chakraborty , Joyojeet Pal , Priyank Chandra , and Daniel\u00a0 M Romero . 2018 . Political tweets and mainstream news impact in India: A mixed methods investigation into political outreach . In Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies. 1\u201311 . Sunandan Chakraborty, Joyojeet Pal, Priyank Chandra, and Daniel\u00a0M Romero. 2018. Political tweets and mainstream news impact in India: A mixed methods investigation into political outreach. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies. 1\u201311."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpoleco.2017.06.004","article-title":"Populism and institutional capture","volume":"53","author":"Chesterley Nicholas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nicholas Chesterley and Paolo Roberti . 2018 . Populism and institutional capture . European Journal of Political Economy 53 (2018), 1 \u2013 12 . Nicholas Chesterley and Paolo Roberti. 2018. Populism and institutional capture. European Journal of Political Economy 53 (2018), 1\u201312.","journal-title":"European Journal of Political Economy"},{"volume-title":"The big connect: Politics in the age of social media","author":"Chopra Shaili","key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Shaili Chopra . 2014. The big connect: Politics in the age of social media . Random House India . Shaili Chopra. 2014. The big connect: Politics in the age of social media. Random House India."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Saloni Dash Dibyendu Mishra Gazal Shekhawat and Joyojeet Pal. 2021. Divided We Rule: Influencer Polarization on Twitter During Political Crises in India. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.08361(2021).  Saloni Dash Dibyendu Mishra Gazal Shekhawat and Joyojeet Pal. 2021. Divided We Rule: Influencer Polarization on Twitter During Political Crises in India. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.08361(2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Osman\u00a0Zeki G\u00f6k\u00e7e Emre Hatipoglu 2021. Syrian Refugees Public Attitudes Policy Areas and Political Parties in Turkey: A Systematic Analysis of Twitter Data. Economic Research Forum (ERF).  Osman\u00a0Zeki G\u00f6k\u00e7e Emre Hatipoglu 2021. Syrian Refugees Public Attitudes Policy Areas and Political Parties in Turkey: A Systematic Analysis of Twitter Data. Economic Research Forum (ERF)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Ihssane Guennoun and Zainab Adel. 2019. Ahead of the Senegalese Presidential Elections: Taking the Temperature from Twitter Mining. (2019).  Ihssane Guennoun and Zainab Adel. 2019. Ahead of the Senegalese Presidential Elections: Taking the Temperature from Twitter Mining. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammad\u00a0Nur Habibi 2019. Analysis of Indonesia Politics Polarization before 2019 President Election Using Sentiment Analysis and Social Network Analysis.International Journal of Modern Education & Computer Science 11 11(2019).  Mohammad\u00a0Nur Habibi 2019. Analysis of Indonesia Politics Polarization before 2019 President Election Using Sentiment Analysis and Social Network Analysis.International Journal of Modern Education & Computer Science 11 11(2019).","DOI":"10.5815\/ijmecs.2019.11.04"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.51317\/ecjlls.v2i1.154","article-title":"Problematising Hateful Ethno-Political Rhetoric in Facebook and Twitter during 2017 General Elections in Kenya","volume":"2","author":"Irimba Fredrick\u00a0Meeme","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fredrick\u00a0Meeme Irimba , Jacinta Ndambuki , and Florence Mwithi . 2020 . Problematising Hateful Ethno-Political Rhetoric in Facebook and Twitter during 2017 General Elections in Kenya . Editon Consortium Journal of Literature and Linguistic Studies 2 , 1(2020), 162 \u2013 174 . Fredrick\u00a0Meeme Irimba, Jacinta Ndambuki, and Florence Mwithi. 2020. Problematising Hateful Ethno-Political Rhetoric in Facebook and Twitter during 2017 General Elections in Kenya. Editon Consortium Journal of Literature and Linguistic Studies 2, 1(2020), 162\u2013174.","journal-title":"Editon Consortium Journal of Literature and Linguistic Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/00913367.2013.827606","article-title":"Following celebrities\u2019 tweets about brands: The impact of twitter-based electronic word-of-mouth on consumers\u2019 source credibility perception, buying intention, and social identification with celebrities","volume":"43","author":"Jin A\u00a0Annie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seung- A\u00a0Annie Jin and Joe Phua . 2014 . Following celebrities\u2019 tweets about brands: The impact of twitter-based electronic word-of-mouth on consumers\u2019 source credibility perception, buying intention, and social identification with celebrities . Journal of advertising 43 , 2 (2014), 181 \u2013 195 . Seung-A\u00a0Annie Jin and Joe Phua. 2014. Following celebrities\u2019 tweets about brands: The impact of twitter-based electronic word-of-mouth on consumers\u2019 source credibility perception, buying intention, and social identification with celebrities. Journal of advertising 43, 2 (2014), 181\u2013195.","journal-title":"Journal of advertising"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"J Joseph. 2016. Questions about an appointment The Hindu December 21.  J Joseph. 2016. Questions about an appointment The Hindu December 21."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.20940\/JAE\/2017\/v16i2a3","article-title":"Social media, elections and political engagement: The 2014 general election in Mauritius","volume":"16","author":"Kasenally Roukaya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roukaya Kasenally and Dooshweena Awatar . 2017 . Social media, elections and political engagement: The 2014 general election in Mauritius . Journal of african ElEctions 16 , 2 (2017), 47 \u2013 70 . Roukaya Kasenally and Dooshweena Awatar. 2017. Social media, elections and political engagement: The 2014 general election in Mauritius. Journal of african ElEctions 16, 2 (2017), 47\u201370.","journal-title":"Journal of african ElEctions"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/00358533.2020.1760499","article-title":"India\u2019s Pakistan policy: from 2016 \u2018surgical strike\u2019to 2019 Balakot \u2018airstrike","volume":"109","author":"Kaura Vinay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vinay Kaura . 2020 . India\u2019s Pakistan policy: from 2016 \u2018surgical strike\u2019to 2019 Balakot \u2018airstrike \u2019. The Round Table 109 , 3 (2020), 277 \u2013 287 . Vinay Kaura. 2020. India\u2019s Pakistan policy: from 2016 \u2018surgical strike\u2019to 2019 Balakot \u2018airstrike\u2019. The Round Table 109, 3 (2020), 277\u2013287.","journal-title":"The Round Table"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","first-page":"353","article-title":"Symbols of statehood: military industrialization and public discourse in India","volume":"27","author":"Kinsella David","year":"2001","unstructured":"David Kinsella and Jugdep\u00a0 S Chima . 2001 . Symbols of statehood: military industrialization and public discourse in India . Review of International Studies 27 , 3 (2001), 353 \u2013 373 . David Kinsella and Jugdep\u00a0S Chima. 2001. Symbols of statehood: military industrialization and public discourse in India. Review of International Studies 27, 3 (2001), 353\u2013373.","journal-title":"Review of International Studies"},{"volume-title":"The State of Democracy in South Asia-II (SDSA-II)","author":"CSDS.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Lokniti\/ CSDS. 2013. The State of Democracy in South Asia-II (SDSA-II) . Oxford University Press . Lokniti\/CSDS. 2013. The State of Democracy in South Asia-II (SDSA-II). Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Mahalingam V","year":"2014","unstructured":"V Mahalingam . 2014 . Politics and credibility of the Indian army . Retrieved January 13, 2022 from https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/blogs\/In-search-of-propriety\/politics-and-credibility-of-the-indian-army\/ V Mahalingam. 2014. Politics and credibility of the Indian army. Retrieved January 13, 2022 from https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/blogs\/In-search-of-propriety\/politics-and-credibility-of-the-indian-army\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Polarization and ideological weaving in Twitter discourse of politicians. Social media+ society 5, 4","author":"Masroor Farzana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farzana Masroor , Qintarah\u00a0 N Khan , Iman Aib , and Zulfiqar Ali . 2019. Polarization and ideological weaving in Twitter discourse of politicians. Social media+ society 5, 4 ( 2019 ), 2056305119891220. Farzana Masroor, Qintarah\u00a0N Khan, Iman Aib, and Zulfiqar Ali. 2019. Polarization and ideological weaving in Twitter discourse of politicians. Social media+ society 5, 4 (2019), 2056305119891220."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1080\/13510347.2018.1551885","article-title":"The right-wing populism of India\u2019s Bharatiya Janata Party (and why comparativists should care)","volume":"26","author":"McDonnell Duncan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duncan McDonnell and Luis Cabrera . 2019 . The right-wing populism of India\u2019s Bharatiya Janata Party (and why comparativists should care) . Democratization 26 , 3 (2019), 484 \u2013 501 . Duncan McDonnell and Luis Cabrera. 2019. The right-wing populism of India\u2019s Bharatiya Janata Party (and why comparativists should care). Democratization 26, 3 (2019), 484\u2013501.","journal-title":"Democratization"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Dibyendu Mishra Syeda\u00a0Zainab Akbar Arshia Arya Saloni Dash Rynaa Grover and Joyojeet Pal. 2021. Rihanna versus Bollywood: Twitter Influencers and the Indian Farmers\u2019 Protest. arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.04031(2021).  Dibyendu Mishra Syeda\u00a0Zainab Akbar Arshia Arya Saloni Dash Rynaa Grover and Joyojeet Pal. 2021. Rihanna versus Bollywood: Twitter Influencers and the Indian Farmers\u2019 Protest. arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.04031(2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Sporting the government: Twitter as a window into sportspersons","author":"Mishra Dibyendu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dibyendu Mishra , Ronojoy Sen , and Joyojeet Pal . 2021. Sporting the government: Twitter as a window into sportspersons \u2019 engagement with causes in India and USA. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.07409( 2021 ). Dibyendu Mishra, Ronojoy Sen, and Joyojeet Pal. 2021. Sporting the government: Twitter as a window into sportspersons\u2019 engagement with causes in India and USA. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.07409(2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1080\/19392397.2021.1912256","article-title":"# ModiWithAkshay:\u2018Brand Modi\u2019, social media and Bollywood star power","volume":"12","author":"Mitra Sreya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sreya Mitra . 2021 . # ModiWithAkshay:\u2018Brand Modi\u2019, social media and Bollywood star power . Celebrity Studies 12 , 2 (2021), 282 \u2013 298 . Sreya Mitra. 2021. # ModiWithAkshay:\u2018Brand Modi\u2019, social media and Bollywood star power. Celebrity Studies 12, 2 (2021), 282\u2013298.","journal-title":"Celebrity Studies"},{"volume-title":"The Absent Dialogue: Politicians, Bureaucrats, and the Military in India","author":"Mukherjee Anit","key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Anit Mukherjee . 2020. The Absent Dialogue: Politicians, Bureaucrats, and the Military in India . Oxford University Press . Anit Mukherjee. 2020. The Absent Dialogue: Politicians, Bureaucrats, and the Military in India. Oxford University Press."},{"volume-title":"Examining Twitter Political Discourse in Kenya: The Case of# Electionske2017 during the 2017 Elections. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation","author":"Ochieng N","key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Denver\u00a0 N Ochieng . 2019. Examining Twitter Political Discourse in Kenya: The Case of# Electionske2017 during the 2017 Elections. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation . United States International University-Africa . Denver\u00a0N Ochieng. 2019. Examining Twitter Political Discourse in Kenya: The Case of# Electionske2017 during the 2017 Elections. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. United States International University-Africa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"The Making of a Technocrat. Global Digital Cultures: Perspectives from South Asia","author":"Pal Joyojeet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joyojeet Pal . 2019. The Making of a Technocrat. Global Digital Cultures: Perspectives from South Asia ( 2019 ), 163. Joyojeet Pal. 2019. The Making of a Technocrat. Global Digital Cultures: Perspectives from South Asia (2019), 163."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Twitter and the rebranding of Narendra Modi","volume":"51","author":"Pal Joyojeet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Joyojeet Pal , Priyank Chandra , and V G\u00a0Vinod Vydiswaran . 2016 . Twitter and the rebranding of Narendra Modi . Economic & Political Weekly 51 , 8 (2016), 52 \u2013 60 . Joyojeet Pal, Priyank Chandra, and VG\u00a0Vinod Vydiswaran. 2016. Twitter and the rebranding of Narendra Modi. Economic & Political Weekly 51, 8 (2016), 52\u201360.","journal-title":"Economic & Political Weekly"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"CeDEM Asia 2018: Proceedings of the International Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government","author":"Pal Joyojeet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joyojeet Pal , Dinsha Mistree , and Tanya Madhani . 2018. A friendly neighborhood Hindu . In CeDEM Asia 2018: Proceedings of the International Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government ; Japan 2018 . Edition Donau-Universit\u00e4t Krems , 97. Joyojeet Pal, Dinsha Mistree, and Tanya Madhani. 2018. A friendly neighborhood Hindu. In CeDEM Asia 2018: Proceedings of the International Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government; Japan 2018. Edition Donau-Universit\u00e4t Krems, 97."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Social Media and Society. 200\u2013209","author":"Panda Anmol","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anmol Panda , A\u2019ndre Gonawela , Sreangsu Acharyya , Dibyendu Mishra , Mugdha Mohapatra , Ramgopal Chandrasekaran , and Joyojeet Pal . 2020 . NivaDuck-A Scalable Pipeline to Build a Database of Political Twitter Handles for India and the United States . In International Conference on Social Media and Society. 200\u2013209 . Anmol Panda, A\u2019ndre Gonawela, Sreangsu Acharyya, Dibyendu Mishra, Mugdha Mohapatra, Ramgopal Chandrasekaran, and Joyojeet Pal. 2020. NivaDuck-A Scalable Pipeline to Build a Database of Political Twitter Handles for India and the United States. In International Conference on Social Media and Society. 200\u2013209."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/ccc\/tcz013","article-title":"May the force be with you\u201d: Narendra Modi and the celebritization of Indian politics","volume":"12","author":"Rai Swapnil","year":"2019","unstructured":"Swapnil Rai . 2019 . \u201c May the force be with you\u201d: Narendra Modi and the celebritization of Indian politics . Communication, Culture & Critique 12 , 3 (2019), 323 \u2013 339 . Swapnil Rai. 2019. \u201cMay the force be with you\u201d: Narendra Modi and the celebritization of Indian politics. Communication, Culture & Critique 12, 3 (2019), 323\u2013339.","journal-title":"Communication, Culture & Critique"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on Web and social media, Vol.\u00a014","author":"Recuero Raquel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raquel Recuero , Felipe\u00a0Bonow Soares , and Anatoliy Gruzd . 2020 . Hyperpartisanship, disinformation and political conversations on Twitter: The Brazilian presidential election of 2018 . In Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on Web and social media, Vol.\u00a014 . 569\u2013578. Raquel Recuero, Felipe\u00a0Bonow Soares, and Anatoliy Gruzd. 2020. Hyperpartisanship, disinformation and political conversations on Twitter: The Brazilian presidential election of 2018. In Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on Web and social media, Vol.\u00a014. 569\u2013578."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Social media as a platform for incessant political communication: a case study of Modi\u2019s \u201cclean India\u201d campaign","volume":"11","author":"Rodrigues M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Usha\u00a0 M Rodrigues and Michael Niemann . 2017 . Social media as a platform for incessant political communication: a case study of Modi\u2019s \u201cclean India\u201d campaign . International Journal of Communication 11 (2017), 23 . Usha\u00a0M Rodrigues and Michael Niemann. 2017. Social media as a platform for incessant political communication: a case study of Modi\u2019s \u201cclean India\u201d campaign. International Journal of Communication 11 (2017), 23.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.15581\/003.33.2.259-275","article-title":"The communications strategy via Twitter of Nayib Bukele: the millennial president of El Salvador","volume":"33","author":"Ruiz-Alba Noelia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Noelia Ruiz-Alba and Rosalba Mancinas-Ch\u00e1vez . 2020 . The communications strategy via Twitter of Nayib Bukele: the millennial president of El Salvador . Communication & Society 33 , 2 (2020), 259 \u2013 275 . Noelia Ruiz-Alba and Rosalba Mancinas-Ch\u00e1vez. 2020. The communications strategy via Twitter of Nayib Bukele: the millennial president of El Salvador. Communication & Society 33, 2 (2020), 259\u2013275.","journal-title":"Communication & Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/21599165.2019.1703694","article-title":"Caesarean politics in Hungary and Poland","volume":"36","author":"Sata Robert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robert Sata and Ireneusz\u00a0Pawel Karolewski . 2020 . Caesarean politics in Hungary and Poland . East European Politics 36 , 2 (2020), 206 \u2013 225 . Robert Sata and Ireneusz\u00a0Pawel Karolewski. 2020. Caesarean politics in Hungary and Poland. East European Politics 36, 2 (2020), 206\u2013225.","journal-title":"East European Politics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1017\/jea.2020.11","article-title":"Strong fans, weak campaigns: Social media and Duterte in the 2016 Philippine election","volume":"20","author":"Sinpeng Aim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aim Sinpeng , Dimitar Gueorguiev , and Aries\u00a0 A Arugay . 2020 . Strong fans, weak campaigns: Social media and Duterte in the 2016 Philippine election . Journal of East Asian Studies 20 , 3 (2020), 353 \u2013 374 . Aim Sinpeng, Dimitar Gueorguiev, and Aries\u00a0A Arugay. 2020. Strong fans, weak campaigns: Social media and Duterte in the 2016 Philippine election. Journal of East Asian Studies 20, 3 (2020), 353\u2013374.","journal-title":"Journal of East Asian Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th international conference on social media and society. 168\u2013177","author":"Soares Felipe\u00a0Bonow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Felipe\u00a0Bonow Soares , Raquel Recuero , and Gabriela Zago . 2018 . Influencers in polarized political networks on Twitter . In Proceedings of the 9th international conference on social media and society. 168\u2013177 . Felipe\u00a0Bonow Soares, Raquel Recuero, and Gabriela Zago. 2018. Influencers in polarized political networks on Twitter. In Proceedings of the 9th international conference on social media and society. 168\u2013177."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Sood Sanjiv\u00a0Krishan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanjiv\u00a0Krishan Sood . 2019 . India\u2019s armed forces are losing their political neutrality \u2013 putting national security at risk . Retrieved January 13, 2022 from https:\/\/scroll.in\/article\/924409\/indias-armed-forces-are-losing-their-political-neutrality-putting-national-security-at-risk Sanjiv\u00a0Krishan Sood. 2019. India\u2019s armed forces are losing their political neutrality \u2013 putting national security at risk. Retrieved January 13, 2022 from https:\/\/scroll.in\/article\/924409\/indias-armed-forces-are-losing-their-political-neutrality-putting-national-security-at-risk"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/1527476415575498","article-title":"Modi-masculinity: Media, manhood, and \u201ctraditions\u201d in a time of consumerism","volume":"16","author":"Srivastava Sanjay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sanjay Srivastava . 2015 . Modi-masculinity: Media, manhood, and \u201ctraditions\u201d in a time of consumerism . Television & New Media 16 , 4 (2015), 331 \u2013 338 . Sanjay Srivastava. 2015. Modi-masculinity: Media, manhood, and \u201ctraditions\u201d in a time of consumerism. Television & New Media 16, 4 (2015), 331\u2013338.","journal-title":"Television & New Media"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Populist party\u2019s challenge to democracy: Institutional capture, performance and religion. Party Politics","author":"Tepe Sultan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sultan Tepe . 2021. Populist party\u2019s challenge to democracy: Institutional capture, performance and religion. Party Politics ( 2021 ), 13540688211002478. Sultan Tepe. 2021. Populist party\u2019s challenge to democracy: Institutional capture, performance and religion. Party Politics (2021), 13540688211002478."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","article-title":"Graph drawing by force-directed placement","volume":"21","author":"M\u00a0Reingold Edward","year":"1991","unstructured":"Edward M\u00a0Reingold Thomas M J\u00a0Fruchterman . 1991 . Graph drawing by force-directed placement . Journal of Software: Practice and Experience 21 , 11(1991). Edward M\u00a0Reingold Thomas M J\u00a0Fruchterman. 1991. Graph drawing by force-directed placement. Journal of Software: Practice and Experience 21, 11(1991).","journal-title":"Journal of Software: Practice and Experience"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction and Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation. Springer, 153\u2013162","author":"Uyheng Joshua","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joshua Uyheng and Kathleen\u00a0 M Carley . 2019 . Characterizing bot networks on Twitter: An empirical analysis of contentious issues in the Asia-Pacific . In International Conference on Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction and Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation. Springer, 153\u2013162 . Joshua Uyheng and Kathleen\u00a0M Carley. 2019. Characterizing bot networks on Twitter: An empirical analysis of contentious issues in the Asia-Pacific. In International Conference on Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction and Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation. Springer, 153\u2013162."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","first-page":"p1","article-title":"You are Cancelled: Virtual Collective Consciousness and the Emergence of Cancel Culture as Ideological Purging","volume":"12","author":"Velasco Joseph\u00a0Ching","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joseph\u00a0Ching Velasco . 2020 . You are Cancelled: Virtual Collective Consciousness and the Emergence of Cancel Culture as Ideological Purging . Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 12 , 5(2020), p1 \u2013 p7 . Joseph\u00a0Ching Velasco. 2020. You are Cancelled: Virtual Collective Consciousness and the Emergence of Cancel Culture as Ideological Purging. Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 12, 5(2020), p1\u20137.","journal-title":"Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Fake news, verdade e mentira sob a \u00f3tica de Jair Bolsonaro no Twitter. Trabalhos em Lingu\u00edstica aplicada 59","author":"Viscardi Janaisa\u00a0Martins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Janaisa\u00a0Martins Viscardi . 2020. Fake news, verdade e mentira sob a \u00f3tica de Jair Bolsonaro no Twitter. Trabalhos em Lingu\u00edstica aplicada 59 ( 2020 ), 1134\u20131157. Janaisa\u00a0Martins Viscardi. 2020. Fake news, verdade e mentira sob a \u00f3tica de Jair Bolsonaro no Twitter. Trabalhos em Lingu\u00edstica aplicada 59 (2020), 1134\u20131157."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Waghmare Abhishek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abhishek Waghmare . 2017 . Govt, military top credibility charts in India . Retrieved January 13, 2022 from https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/current-affairs\/govt-military-top-credibility-charts-in-india-117100500052_1.html Abhishek Waghmare. 2017. Govt, military top credibility charts in India. Retrieved January 13, 2022 from https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/current-affairs\/govt-military-top-credibility-charts-in-india-117100500052_1.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-050517-114628","article-title":"Unwelcome change: Coming to terms with democratic backsliding","volume":"21","author":"Waldner David","year":"2018","unstructured":"David Waldner and Ellen Lust . 2018 . Unwelcome change: Coming to terms with democratic backsliding . Annual Review of Political Science 21 (2018), 93 \u2013 113 . David Waldner and Ellen Lust. 2018. Unwelcome change: Coming to terms with democratic backsliding. Annual Review of Political Science 21 (2018), 93\u2013113.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Political Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steven Wilkinson. 2015. Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy since Independence. Permanent Black.  Steven Wilkinson. 2015. Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy since Independence. Permanent Black.","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674736269"},{"volume-title":"Twitter and Millennial Participation in Voting During Nigeria\u2019s 2015 Presidential Elections. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation","author":"Zoaka Deborah","key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Deborah Zoaka . 2021. Twitter and Millennial Participation in Voting During Nigeria\u2019s 2015 Presidential Elections. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation . Walden University . Deborah Zoaka. 2021. Twitter and Millennial Participation in Voting During Nigeria\u2019s 2015 Presidential Elections. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. Walden University."}],"event":{"name":"ICTD2022: International Conference on Information & Communication Technologies and Development 2022","acronym":"ICTD2022","location":"Seattle WA USA"},"container-title":["International Conference on Information &amp; Communication Technologies and Development 2022"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3572334.3572395","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3572334.3572395","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T17:51:14Z","timestamp":1750182674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3572334.3572395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3572334.3572395","10.1145\/3572334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3572334.3572395","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-05-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}