{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T04:51:09Z","timestamp":1776919869873,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute funding at the Georgia Institute of Technology"},{"name":"NSF ARMS Fellowship","award":["1545287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1545287"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Hum.-Robot Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As robots become more prevalent, the importance of the field of human-robot interaction (HRI) grows accordingly. As such, we should endeavor to employ the best statistical practices in HRI research. Likert scales are commonly used metrics in HRI to measure perceptions and attitudes. Due to misinformation or honest mistakes, many HRI researchers do not adopt best practices when analyzing Likert data. We conduct a review of psychometric literature to determine the current standard for Likert scale design and analysis. Next, we conduct a survey of five years of the International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRIc) (2016 through 2020) and report on incorrect statistical practices and design of Likert scales [<jats:xref ref-type=\"bibr\">1<\/jats:xref>,<jats:xref ref-type=\"bibr\">2<\/jats:xref>,<jats:xref ref-type=\"bibr\">3<\/jats:xref>,<jats:xref ref-type=\"bibr\">5<\/jats:xref>,<jats:xref ref-type=\"bibr\">7<\/jats:xref>]. During these years, only 4 of the 144 papers applied proper statistical testing to correctly designed Likert scales. We additionally conduct a survey of best practices across several venues and provide a comparative analysis to determine how Likert practices differ across the field of Human-robot Interaction. We find that a venue\u2019s impact score negatively correlates with number of Likert-related errors and acceptance rate, and total number of papers accepted per venue positively correlates with the number of errors. We also find statistically significant differences between venues for the frequency of misnomer and design errors. Our analysis suggests there are areas for meaningful improvement in the design and testing of Likert scales. Based on our findings, we provide guidelines and a tutorial for researchers for developing and analyzing Likert scales and associated data. We also detail a list of recommendations to improve the accuracy of conclusions drawn from Likert data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3572784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T11:55:30Z","timestamp":1669118130000},"page":"1-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Concerning Trends in Likert Scale Usage in Human-robot Interaction: Towards Improving Best Practices"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mariah","family":"Schrum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA"}]},{"given":"Muyleng","family":"Ghuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Hedlund-botti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA"}]},{"given":"Manisha","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Gombolay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"11th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human Robot Interaction","year":"2016","unstructured":"2016. 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