{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T09:42:54Z","timestamp":1768383774342,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":52,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SSHRC 895-2011-1006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SSHRC 895-2011-1006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DRL-1661202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRL-1661202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3576050.3576101","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T23:18:46Z","timestamp":1677021526000},"page":"333-344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Multimodal Predictive Student Modeling with Multi-Task Transfer Learning"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7890-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Emerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Educational Testing Service, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8900-0514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wookhee","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2038-9239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5018-6232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1481-6601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Lester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, United States"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376277"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300534"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2016.32.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Modeling Hint-Taking Behavior and Knowledge State of Students with Multi-Task Learning.\u00a0In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 21-31","author":"Chaudhry Ritwick","unstructured":"Ritwick Chaudhry, Harvineet Singh, Pradeep Dogga, and Shiv Kumar Saini. 2018. Modeling Hint-Taking Behavior and Knowledge State of Students with Multi-Task Learning.\u00a0In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 21-31."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-010-9074-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"What the face reveals: Basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the facial action coding system (FACS)","author":"Ekman Paul","unstructured":"Paul Ekman and Erika Rosenberg. 1997. What the face reveals: Basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the facial action coding system (FACS). New York, NY: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3382507.3418890"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-020-00220-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i01.5406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Early Prediction of Museum Visitor Engagement with Multimodal Adversarial Domain Adaptation.\u00a0In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 93-104","author":"Henderson Nathan","unstructured":"Nathan Henderson, Wookhee Min, Andrew Emerson, Jonathan Rowe, Seung Lee, James Minogue, and James Lester. 2021. Early Prediction of Museum Visitor Engagement with Multimodal Adversarial Domain Adaptation.\u00a0In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 93-104."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3382507.3418892"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACII52823.2021.9597432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"iMotions. 2016. Attention Tool 6.2. Boston MA: iMotions Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032580"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 167\u2013176","author":"Karumbaiah Shamya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shamya Karumbaiah, Ryan Baker, and Valeria Shute. 2018. Predicting quitting in students playing a learning game. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 167\u2013176."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3395035.3425961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 7482\u20137491","author":"Kendall Alex","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alex Kendall, Yarin Gal, and Roberto Cipolla. 2018. Multi-task learning using uncertainty to weigh losses for scene geometry and semantics. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 7482\u20137491. IEEE Computer Society."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Kingma and Jimmy Ba","author":"Diederik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy Ba. 2014. Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3231644.3231684"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DIGITEL.2007.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v34i4.2488"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ran Liu John C. Stamper and Jodi Davenport. 2018. A novel method for the in-depth multimodal analysis of student learning trajectories in intelligent tutoring systems.\u00a0Journal of Learning Analytics \u00a05(1) 41-54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18608\/jla.2018.51.4","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2018.51.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v36i7.20735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynn McAlpine Cynthia Weston Catherine Beauchamp C. Wiseman and Jacinthe Beauchamp. 1999. Building a metacognitive model of reflection. Higher education 37(2) 105-131.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003548425626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"In\u00a0Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment.","author":"Min Wookhee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wookhee Min, Alok Baikadi, Bradford Mott, Jonathan Rowe, Barry Liu, Eun Young Ha, and James Lester. 2016. A generalized multidimensional evaluation framework for player goal recognition. In\u00a0Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2019.2922356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78292-4_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2016.32.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharon Oviatt Joseph Grafsgaard Lei Chen and Xavier Ochoa. 2018. Multimodal learning analytics: assessing learners' mental state during the process of learning. The Handbook of Multimodal-Multisensor Interfaces: Signal Processing Architectures and Detection of Emotion and Cognition - Volume 2. Association for Computing Machinery and Morgan & Claypool 331\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3107990.3108003","DOI":"10.1145\/3107990.3108003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2009.191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1953048.2078195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Homer","author":"Plass Jan L.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jan L. Plass, Richard E. Mayer, and Bruce D. Homer. 2020. Handbook of game-based learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Frederik Cornillie, Celine Vens, and Wilm Van den Noortgate.","author":"Pliakos Konstantinos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Konstantinos Pliakos, Seang-Hwane Joo, Jung Yeon Park, Frederik Cornillie, Celine Vens, and Wilm Van den Noortgate. 2019. Integrating machine learning into item response theory for addressing the cold start problem in adaptive learning systems.\u00a0Computers & Education,\u00a0137, 91-103."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2883851.2883927"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Predicting Learning by Analyzing Eye-Gaze Data of Reading Behavior.\u00a0In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 455-461","author":"Rajendran Ramkumar","unstructured":"Ramkumar Rajendran, Anurag Kumar, Kelly E. Carter, Daniel T. Levin, and Gautam Biswas. 2018. Predicting Learning by Analyzing Eye-Gaze Data of Reading Behavior.\u00a0In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 455-461."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.43.3.450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3375462.3375498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Towards Transferrable Personalized Student Models in Educational Games. In\u00a0Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi Agent Systems, 1245-1253","author":"Spaulding Samuel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Samuel Spaulding, Jocelyn Shen, Haewon Park, and Cynthia Breazeal. 2021. Towards Transferrable Personalized Student Models in Educational Games. In\u00a0Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi Agent Systems, 1245-1253."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11864"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340555.3356099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"J. Plass, B. Horner, & R","author":"Taub Michelle","unstructured":"Michelle Taub, Nicholas Mudrick, Amanda E. Bradbury, and Roger Azevedo. 2019. Self-regulation, self-explanation, and reflection in game-based learning. In J. Plass, B. Horner, & R. Mayer (Eds.), Handbook of game-based learning, 239-262. Boston, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcray Tongu\u00e7 and Betul Ozayd\u0131n Ozkara. 2020. Automatic recognition of student emotions from facial expressions during a lecture.\u00a0Computers & Education \u00a0148 103797.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103797"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christos Troussas Akrivi Krouska and Cleo Sgouropoulou. 2020. Collaboration and fuzzy-modeled personalization for mobile game-based learning in higher education.\u00a0Computers & Education \u00a0144 103698.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103698"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2007.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3170358.3170420"}],"event":{"name":"LAK 2023: 13th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","location":"Arlington TX USA","acronym":"LAK 2023"},"container-title":["LAK23: 13th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3576050.3576101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3576050.3576101","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3576050.3576101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T18:09:02Z","timestamp":1750183742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3576050.3576101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3576050.3576101","10.1145\/3576050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3576050.3576101","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}